Crystallography and Crystal Defects. Anthony Kelly

axes with acute angles of 70.53° betwe...Figure 1.31 The relationship between the primitive unit cell and the convent...Figure 1.32 The relationship between the primitive unit cell and the convent...

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 The basic operation of repetition by a rotation axis. In this exa...Figure 2.2 Stereograms representing the operation of one‐, two‐, three‐, fou...Figure 2.3 The repetition of an object by a mirror plane, (a) and (b), and b...Figure 2.4 The operation of the twofold rotoinversion axis,

Figure 2.5 The operation of the various rotoinversion axes that can occur in...Figure 2.6 Stereograms of the poles of equivalent general directions and of ...Figure 2.7 A stereogram of an orthorhombic crystal of point group 222 centre...Figure 2.8 (a) General location of a hk0 pole on the stereogram of an orthor...Figure 2.9 The cubic point group of lowest symmetry: 23Figure 2.10 Stereograms centred on 001 of (a) mirror planes parallel to {100...Figure 2.11 Stereogram of a cubic crystal.Figure 2.12 (a) Stereogram of the holosymmetric class of the hexagonal syste...Figure 2.13 Geometry to show that in Miller−Bravais indices (hkil), i = −(h ...Figure 2.14 Indices of various directions in the hexagonal system specified ...Figure 2.15 Geometry to determine the angle θ between the (0001) pole a...Figure 2.16 A stereogram of a trigonal crystal of class

m with a rhombohedr...Figure 2.17 The same crystal as in Figure 2.16 indexed using a hexagonal cel...Figure 2.18 The relationship between the special forms {10

1} and {01

1} in ...Figure 2.19 Monoclinic stereogram centred on [001] for the 2nd settingFigure 2.20 A diagram from which the angle φ in Figure 2.19 between 010...Figure 2.21 Diagrams relevant to drawing stereograms of triclinic crystals. ...Figure 2.22 (a) A twofold rotation axis. (b) A 2₁ screw axis. (c) A glide pl...Figure 2.23 Screw axes 3₁ and 3₂: these are screw axes of opposite hand, as ...Figure 2.24 The 17 two‐dimensional space groups arranged following the Inter...Figure 2.25 An example of a space group.Figure 2.26 The 10 black‐and‐white plane lattices: (a) parallelogram (obliqu...Figure 2.27 The effect of antiferromagnetic coupling on the size of the unit...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 (a) The conventional unit cell of the c.c.p. crystal structure. (...Figure 3.2 Close packing of equal spheres. (a) Cubic close‐packed (c.c.p.). ...Figure 3.3 Plan view of the ABCABCABC… stacking sequence of (111) planes in ...Figure 3.4 The stacking of closest‐packed planes in (a) the c.c.p. structure...Figure 3.5 The largest interstice in the c.c.p. structure: the octahedral in...Figure 3.6 The second largest interstice in the c.c.p. structure: the tetrah...Figure 3.7 The unit cell of the h.c.p. structureFigure 3.8 Interstices in the h.c.p. arrangement. The octahedral interstices...Figure 3.9 The b.c.c crystal structureFigure 3.10 Tetrahedral (X) and octahedral (O) interstices in the b.c.c crys...Figure 3.11 The crystal structure of mercury, showing the primitive rhombohe...Figure 3.12 The crystal structure of diamondFigure 3.13 The stacking of (111) planes in the diamond and sphalerite struc...Figure 3.14 (a) The crystal structure of graphite. (b) The crystal structure...Figure 3.15 The crystal structure of As, Sb and BiFigure 3.16 The crystal structure of sodium chloride, NaClFigure 3.17 The crystal structure of caesium chloride, CsClFigure 3.18 The crystal structures of (a) sphalerite (α‐ZnS) and (b) wu...Figure 3.19 The crystal structure of nickel arsenide, NiAsFigure 3.20 The crystal structure of calcium fluoride, CaF₂Figure 3.21 (a) The crystal structure of rutile, TiO₂. (b) The rutile crysta...Figure 3.22 The crystal structure of perovskite, Pm

mFigure 3.23 The structure of sapphire (α‐Al₂O₃ or corundum). The large ...Figure 3.24 One‐eighth of the unit cell of spinel, MgAl₂O₄Figure 3.25 Coordination about the oxygen ions (solid black circles) in a ga...Figure 3.26 The structure of calcite (CaCO₃). The primitive rhombohedral uni...Figure 3.27 A c.c.p. crystal showing (a) a substitutional solid solution and...Figure 3.28 (a) A (111) plane of the disordered form of Cu₃Au. (b) A (111) p...Figure 3.29 Structures of ordered solid solutions: (a) B2, (b) D0₃, (c) D0₁₉Figure 3.30 Molecular models of (a) polyethylene (–CH₂–)_n and (b) polytetraf...Figure 3.31 (a) Unit cell of polyethylene viewed along [001]. The unit cell ...Figure 3.32 Illustration of a continuous polymer chain running through neigh...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 (a) Construction of a Voronoi polygon in two dimensions. (b) A po...Figure 4.2 Para‐azoxyanisole (PAA)Figure 4.3 A sketch of the molecular arrangements in the three classes of li...Figure 4.4 Schematics of the three types of distortion of a nematic mesophas...Figure 4.5 The five Platonic solids. Left‐hand column: the solids. Centre co...Figure 4.6 Packing of equal‐sized spheres into an icosahedral arrangement. T...Figure 4.7 The crystal structure of MoAl₁₂. This figure is derived from Figu...Figure