Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Melissa B. Miller

especially those in whom the duration of neutropenia is prolonged, not only have a risk of infection with routine bacteria but have a very high risk of invasive aspergillosis and other invasive fungal infections.

TABLE II SELECTED RESPIRATORY TRACT PATHOGENS

ORGANISM	GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS	PATIENT POPULATION	DISEASE MANIFESTATION
Bacteria
Acinetobacter baumannii	Glucose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative bacillus	Hospitalized adults	Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Actinomyces spp.	Branching, Gram-positive bacilli, usually anaerobic	Adults with aspiration	Lung abscess
Bacillus anthracis	Spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus	Victims of bioterrorism due to exposure to spores; woolsorters in endemic areas	Inhalation anthrax with widened mediastinum, high-grade bacteremia
Bordetella pertussis	Fastidious, Gram-negative bacillus	Children, adults	Whooping cough, chronic cough
Chlamydia trachomatis	Obligate intracellular bacterium; does not Gram stain	Neonatal	Conjunctivitis, pneumonia
Chlamydiophila pneumoniae	Obligate intracellular bacterium; does not Gram stain	Children, adults	Pneumonia, bronchitis
Chlamydiophila psittaci	Obligate intracellular bacterium; does not Gram stain	Children and adults with exposure to birds	Pneumonia, ornithosis (psittacosis)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae	Catalase-positive, Gram-positive, club-shaped bacillus	Unvaccinated adults and children, improperly vaccinated adults	Diphtheria
Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli	Lactose-fermenting, Gram-negative bacilli	Hospitalized adults	Health care-associated pneumonia
Fusobacterium necrophorum	Anaerobic, Gram-negative bacillus	Adolescents, adults	Pharyngitis, Lemierre’s syndrome
Group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes)	Catalase-negative, Gram-positive cocci in chains	Children >2 years, adults	Pharyngitis, pneumonia with empyema
Group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae)	Catalase-negative, Gram-positive cocci in chains	Neonates	Pneumonia
Haemophilus influenzae	Pleomorphic, Gram-negative bacillus	Children; adults, especially with COPDa	Otitis media, conjunctivitis, epiglottitis, bronchitis, pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Lactose-fermenting, Gram-negative bacillus	Adults	Community-acquired and health care-associated pneumonia
Legionella pneumophila	Poorly staining, fastidious, Gram-negative bacillus	Adults, especially immunocompromised	Pneumonia
Moraxella catarrhalis	Oxidase-positive, Gram-negative diplococcus	Children; adults with COPD	Otitis media, conjunctivitis, bronchitis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Acid-fast bacillus	Children and adults, especially HIV-infected	Tuberculosis
Mycoplasma pneumoniae	Fastidious; does not Gram stain	Children, adolescents, adults	Walking pneumonia
Neisseria gonorrhoeae	Oxidase-positive, Gram-negative diplococcus	Individuals with oral-genital contact, neonates	Pharyngitis, conjunctivitis
Neisseria meningitidis	Oxidase-positive, Gram-negative diplococcus	Adults	Pneumonia
Nocardia spp.	Partially acid-fast, aerobic, branching, Gram-positive bacilli	Adults, especially with defects in cell-mediated immunity	Pneumonia with brain abscess
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (many species)	Acid-fast bacilli	Adults with chronic lung disease, CFb patients	Granulomatous lung disease
Prevotella spp., Porphyromonas spp.	Anaerobic, Gram-negative bacilli	Adults with aspiration	Lung abscess
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Glucose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative bacillus	Adults and children, diabetic adults, hospitalized patients, CF patients (mucoid variant)	External otitis (swimmer’s ear), malignant external otitis, ventilator-associated pneumonia, chronic bronchitis with mucoid strains
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