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      IEEE Press Editorial Board Ekram Hossain, Editor in Chief

Jón Atli Benediktsson	David Alan Grier	Elya B. Joffe
Xiaoou Li	Peter Lian	Andreas Molisch
Saeid Nahavandi	Jeffrey Reed	Diomidis Spinellis
Sarah Spurgeon	Ahmet Murat Tekalp

       ADVANCES IN ELECTRIC POWER AND ENERGY

      Static State Estimation

       Edited by

      Mohamed E. El‐Hawary

       Dalhousie University

      © 2021 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

      Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

      Published simultaneously in Canada.

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       Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data:

      Names: El-Hawary, M. E., editor. | John Wiley & Sons, Inc., publisher.

      Title: Advances in electric power and energy : static state estimation / edited by Mohamed E El-Hawary, Dalhousie University.

      Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2021] | Series: IEEE Press | Includes bibliographical references and index.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2020028681 (print) | LCCN 2020028682 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119480464 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119584506 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119480365 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119480440 (epub)

      Subjects: LCSH: Electric power systems–State estimation.

      Classification: LCC TK1005 .A35 2020 (print) | LCC TK1005 (ebook) | DDC 621.319/1–dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020028681 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020028682

      Cover Design: Wiley

      Cover Images: (top) © Sam Robinson/Getty Images, (middle) © Steve Ramplin/EyeEm/Getty Images

      TO FRED C. SCHWEPPE, 1933–1988

       He brought state estimation to electric power, and later led the development of the theoretical bases of competitive electric power markets. A teacher and innovator of great understanding and creativity, “solving the problem” was secondary to bringing out the best in those he worked with.

ABOUT THE EDITOR

      Mohamed “Mo” El‐Aref El‐Hawary, age 76, of Halifax passed away on Friday, 26 July 2019. Born in Sohag, Egypt, he was predeceased by his parents Mahmood and Amina El‐Hawary of Alexandria, Egypt. He is survived by his wife, Ferial (El‐Bibany) El‐Hawary, Halifax; daughter, Elizabeth “Bette” El‐Hawary, Halifax; sons, Robert “Bob” El‐Hawary, London, UK, and Rany “Ron” (Tricia Lane) El‐Hawary, Halifax; sisters, Mervat El‐Hawary, Mona El‐Hawary, and Mawaheb (Heba) El‐Hawary (all located in Alexandria, Egypt); and grandchildren, Alexa, Ben, Grace, Ryan, Eoin, Kegan, Duncan, and Liam.

      Dr. El‐Hawary was a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. He had a BSc in Electrical Engineering, Distinction and First‐Class Honors, University of Alexandria, Egypt, 1965, and a PhD in Electrical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 1972, where he was an Izaak Walton Killam Memorial