Financial Accounting For Dummies. Maire Loughran

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Managing Cash

      Have you ever been waiting in line behind someone in line at the ATM who is repeatedly running through the cycle of inserting the card, punching on the keypad, and having the machine spit the card back out? In my family, we call the process of progressively asking for less and less money until the customer finally gets to the amount the bank will let them withdraw from their account Bank24 Bingo. Not knowing how much money is in the checking account a person uses to pay their rent, buy food, or put gas in their car is a classic example of less than stellar personal cash management.

      Wacky economic events that pop up out of nowhere aside, the most prevalent reason why businesses fail within the first few years is poor cash management. For you jokesters out there — yes, you do need to have sufficient cash to begin with to have something to manage!

      In this part of the chapter, you learn how to keep a handle on your company’s sales, accounts receivable, and purchases, which is where the cash budget comes into play. I also discuss how to do a bank reconciliation and how to convert accrual numbers to cash (see Chapter 11).

      Identifying cost issues

      Your financial accounting course gives you the lowdown on different ways to determine areas of improvement in managing your costs. The biggie is keeping a cash budget. A correct beginning cash balance is a must-have part for the cash budget.

      Cash budget

      Preparing and using a cash budget is your best friend for identifying potential cash shortfalls. Keep in mind that a cash budget doesn’t exist in a vacuum; it flows from many other sources, such as your balance sheet and operating budget.

Figure 3-3 is a simple cash budget that Izzie put together for January and February 2022. Depending on the type of retail, fourth quarter, which encompasses the holiday season, usually provides killer revenue.

      FIGURE 3-3: Cash budget.

      First quarter of the year is usually not all that great sales-wise plus all those pesky returns from holiday gift-giving! So, Izzie wants to make sure that she has enough cash left over from December to cover her expenses in January and February.

      Looking at the cash budget, you can see that Izzie’s sales forecast is relatively accurate when smoothed out between the two months. January’s ending cash balance was a squeaker, but her budget shows her still in the green.

The issue is the $(10,872) February cash shortfall. Looking at the budget, Izzie has to do some planning. One option for conquering the shortfall is being more conservative with January purchases made on account.

      To that end, maybe cut down on impulse purchases or not invest in more inventory just because the vendor has markdowns. She could also consider slowing down the payment of accrued expenses or accounts payable (see Part 3) or go to her bank for a short-term loan.

      Bank statement reconciliation

      Bookkeeping (see Chapter 5) involves recording daily financial transactions in the accounting system, such as entering customer invoices and paying vendor bills. It also involves taking care of routine tasks and calculations, such as doing the bank statement reconciliation, which means you make sure the cash in your personal or business checking account equals the cash you think you have by looking at your checkbook balance.

      I know that since many people nowadays rely on online banking services rather than keeping a formal checkbook (I’m also guilty as charged!), they have no idea how to do a bank reconciliation. It’s important to gain this skill, if for no other reason than it will be a financial accounting course homework and test question— and personally, to avoid having to play a game of Bank24 Bingo!

      Here’s a little background before I show you how to ace this section of your financial accounting course. Writing checks is an almost daily task that every business must perform. It’s a simple fact that if you own a business, the bills will flow in. What you're really hoping is that payments from your customers will also flow in, but at a greater rate!

      If a business doesn’t keep a handle on how much free cash is in the checking account, bouncing a check might happen. Not only is this pretty darn embarrassing, it could be a disaster if a check is for a large amount or written to a valued vendor. Additionally, you’ll probably have to pay a bounced-check bank charge.

      What creates the difference between what you might have written in your checkbook and what’s on file with the bank? An easy way to explain this is to remember that until a check or deposit hit your banking system, the bank does not know it exists. Ditto any bank charges, interest, or other debits and credits (see Chapter 5) posted by your bank. Until you get your bank statement, you may not know they exist.

The meaning of a bank debit or credit is different than in financial accounting. On your bank statement a credit is an increase, such as a deposit. And you guessed it, a debit is a decrease such as a bank charge or a cleared check.

      To follow is a typical financial accounting course homework question pertaining to doing an April 30, 2021 bank statement reconciliation for Tom & Cindy Oven Sales:

      Tom & Cindy Oven Sales Bank Reconciliation Assumptions:

       The balance in the Cash account on April 30, 2021 is $4,797. This is the balance per the checkbook or book.

       When you receive the bank statement in May (or access it online), the bank statement shows a balance of $3,652 as of April 31, 2021.

       Included with the bank statement are notices the bank deducted a service charge of $25 (bank debit) and added (bank credit) interest for $5 earned on the average daily balance in your account.

       One of Tom & Cindy’s customer bounced a check to them in the amount of $875. This transaction is referred to as nonsufficient funds (NSF).

       Looking at the deposits on the bank statement, Cindy sees that a deposit for $750 is not showing up. Cindy reckons this is because she made the deposit after the bank cutoff on April 30. This is called a deposit in transit — it’s left your hands, but the bank has yet to record it in your account.

       Earlier today, a vendor called asking whether Cindy had issued payment yet. She remembers writing and mailing the check to the vendor. A quick look shows the $500 check is not on the bank statement. Cindy calls the vendor who states it was a mistake. That pesky vendor did receive the check, but just hadn’t gotten around to depositing it yet. This is called an outstanding check — you’ve deducted it from your cash balance, but that news has not yet reached the bank.

Figure 3-4 shows how to prepare the bank statement reconciliation for Tom & Cindy Oven Sales using the preceding assumptions.

      Mission accomplished as both the bank and company ending balances are $3,902.

      FIGURE 3-4: Bank statement reconciliation.