Process Intensification and Integration for Sustainable Design. Группа авторов

Noureldin, M.M.B., Elbashir, N.O., and El‐Halwagi, M.M. (2014). Optimization and selection of reforming approaches for syngas generation from natural/shale gas. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 53: 1841–1855. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie402382w.

      21 21 Martínez, D.Y., Jiménez‐Gutiérrez, A., Linke, P. et al. (2014). Water and energy issues in gas‐to‐liquid processes: assessment and integration of different gas‐reforming alternatives. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2: 216–225. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc4002643.

      22 22 Gabriel, K.J., Linke, P., Jiménez‐Gutiérrez, A. et al. (2014). Targeting of the water‐energy nexus in gas‐to‐liquid processes: a comparison of syngas technologies. Industrial and Engineering Chemical Research 53: 7087–7102. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie4042998.

      23 23 Julián‐Durán, L.M., Ortiz‐Espinoza, A.P., El‐Halwagi, M.M., and Jiménez‐Gutiérrez, A. (2014). Techno‐economic assessment and environmental impact of shale gas alternatives to methanol. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2: 2338–2344. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc500330g.

      24 24 Ortiz‐Espinoza, A.P., Jiménez‐Gutiérrez, A., and El‐Halwagi, M.M. (2017). Including inherent safety in the design of chemical processes. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 56: 14507–14517. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02164.

      25 25 Yang, M. and You, F. (2017). Comparative techno‐economic and environmental analysis of ethylene and propylene manufacture from wet shale gas and naphta. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 56: 4038–4051. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00354.

      26 26 Ortiz‐Espinoza, A.P., Noureldin, M.M.B., Jiménez‐Gutiérrez, A., and El‐Halwagi, M.M. (2017). Design, simulation and techno‐economic analysis of two processes for the conversion of shale gas to ethylene. Computers and Chemical Engineering 107: 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2017.05.023.

      27 27 Thiruvenkataswamy, P., Eljack, F.T., Roy, N. et al. (2016). Safety and techno‐economic analysis of ethylene technologies. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 39: 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2015.11.019.

      28 28 Peplow, M. (2017). How fracking is upending the chemical industry. Nature 550 (7674): 26–28. https://www.nature.com/news/how-fracking-is-upending-the-chemical-industry-1.22753.

      29 29 Salerno, D., Arellano‐García, H., and Wozny, G. (2011). Ethylene separation by feed‐splitting from light gases. Energy 36: 4518–4523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.064.

      30 30 Stünkel, S., Illmer, D., Drescher, A. et al. (2012). On the design, development and operation of an energy efficient CO2 removal for the oxidative coupling of methane in a miniplant scale. Applied Thermal Engineering 43: 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.10.035.

      31 31 Pérez‐Uresti, S.I., Adrián‐Mendiola, J.M., El‐Halwagi, M.M., and Jiménez‐Gutiérrez, A. (2017). Techno‐economic assessment of benzene production from shale gas. Processes 5: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr5030033.

      32 32 Agarwal, A., Sengupta, D., and El‐Halwagi, M. (2018). Sustainable process design approach for on‐purpose propylene production and intensification. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6: 2407–2421. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03854.

      33 33 Jasper, S. and El‐Halwagi, M.M. (2015). A techno‐economic comparison between two methanol‐to‐propylene processes. Processes 3: 684–698. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr3030684.

      34 34 Babi, D.K., Holtbruegge, J., Lutze, P. et al. (2015). Sustainable process synthesis‐intensification. Computers and Chemical Engineering 81: 218–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2015.04.030.

      35 35 Bertran, M.O., Frauzem, R., Sańchez‐Arcilla, A.S. et al. (2017). A generic methodology for processing route synthesis and design based on superstructure optimization. Computers and Chemical Engineering 106: 892–910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2017.01.030.

      36 36 Lutze, P., Babi, D.K., Woodley, J.M., and Gani, R. (2013). Phenomena based methodology for process synthesis incorporating process intensification. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 52: 7127–7144. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie302513y.

      37 37 Castillo‐Landero, A., Jiménez‐Gutiérrez, A., and Gani, R. (2018). Intensification methodology to minimize the number of pieces of equipment and its application to a process to produce dioxolane products. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 57 (30): 9810–9820. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05229.

      38 38 Buchaly, C., Kreis, P., and Górak, A. (2007). Hybrid separation processes – combination of reactive distillation with membrane separation. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 46 (9): 790–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2007.05.023.

      39 39 Siirola, J.J. (1996). Industrial applications of process synthesis. Advances in Chemical Engineering 23: 1–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2377(08)60201-X.

      40 40 Castillo‐Landero, A., Ortiz‐Espinoza, A.P., and Jiménez‐Gutiérrez, A. (2019). A process intensification methodology including economic, sustainability and safety considerations. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 58 (15): 6080–6092. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04146.

2 Design and Techno‐Economic Analysis of Separation Units to Handle Feedstock Variability in Shale Gas Treatment

       Eric Bohac1, Debalina Sengupta2, and Mahmoud M. El‐Halwagi1,2

       1Texas A&M University, Department of Chemical Engineering, University Drive at Spence Street, College Station, 77840, USA

       2Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Gas and Fuels Research Center, University Drive at Spence Street, College Station, 77840, USA

2.1 Introduction

      Over the past decade, the shale gas boom has caused significant industrial development in the United States, with the promise of significant monetization opportunities for the manufacturing sector to produce various value‐added chemicals and fuels [1]. Shale gas is a form of natural gas where the gas is trapped within low permeability shale formations [2]. One major challenge with shale gas however is the wide variability in the composition and flow rate of the gas. The composition and flow rate, both between wells and within the same well over time, can differ significantly [3-5].

Dynamic and spatial variability