Collins New Naturalist Library. M. Brian V.

from behind. Hairs are abundant on the head which is strongly corrugated.

	scabrinodis is a smaller ant and has a less pronounced lateral ridge than sabuleti; it also has more queens in each colony
B	Leptothorax
O	Antennae with 11 segments; a relatively large species	acervorum
—	Antennae with 12 segments; a relatively small species	1
I	Club of funiculus no darker than the rest of the antenna; a distinct dorsal groove or depression across the middle of the mesosoma; nests in tree stumps and wood	nylanderi
—	Club of funiculus darker than the rest of the antenna; no transverse groove on the mesosoma; rare species	tuberum
	and	interruptus

      FIG. 7. Worker of Lasius niger: a. head; b. scale on petiole from behind; c. side view of tail segments to show ring of hairs around the circular orifice. The whole body is covered with a light pubescence and there are short, erect hairs on the scape of the antenna but none of these have been shown.

C	Lasius
O	Colour jet black, shiny, head heart-shaped	fuliginosus
—	Colour otherwise, head normal	1
1	Colour brown to dull black	2
—	Colour yellow	4
2	Scape of antenna and tibia of leg with short, upright hairs; body dark, almost black but hairy and matt	niger
—	No such hairs; body browner, less hairy	3
3	Frontal area indistinct; smaller, uniformly coloured, individuals living in open, sunny places	alienus
—	Frontal area distinct; larger individuals with gaster and head darker than the thorax; living in old trees	brunneus
4	Scape of antenna and tibia of leg with short, upright hairs	umbratus
	and	rabaudi
—	No such hairs	5
5	Hairs on top of gaster short, scale tapered above	mixtus
—	Hairs on top of gaster long, scale broad and low, not tapered above, no cheek hairs in front view; makes soil mounds in grassland	flavus
	Three of the yellow species, umbratus, rabaudi and mixtus, are very variable and intergrade in the worker caste.
D	Formica
O	Clypeus with central notch in lower margin; colour usually deep red	sanguinea
—	Clypeus without notch; colour reddish-brown to black	I
1	Back of head and top of scale notched	exsecta
—	Not so	2
2	Thorax reddish-brown, paler than head and gaster	3
—	Body black all over	6
3	Eyes with small hairs and back of head with prominent long hairs; wood ants making mound nests of vegetation near trees or in open moorland in northern Britain	4
—	Eyes and back of head bare	5
4	Thorax with many fine, long hairs	lugubris
—	Thorax with fewer, shorter hairs	aquilonia
5	Frontal area shiny, maxillary palp short and hairy; southern wood ants making large mound nests in open forest	rufa
—	Frontal area dull; individuals smaller, making very small mound nests or excavations in open, heathy places	cunicularia
6	Body shiny, black; building small vegetation mounds in wet heath and bog	transkaucasica
—	Body dull, black; excavating nests in drier places	lemani
	and	fusca

      CHARACTERISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION

      Only four of the nine or so sub-families of the family Formicidae are represented in this country. Two of these, Ponerinae and Dolichoderinae, have only one genus here. Of the other two the Myrmicinae have ten and the Formicinae two genera. The Ponerinae and Myrmicinae have certain similarities and are grouped together in a poneroid complex whereas the Dolichoderinae and Formicinae are included in a myrmecoid complex (named after the basic Australian sub-family Myrmeciinae).

      The Ponerinae contain a mixture of very primitive and highly-evolved forms which are mainly tropical and Australian in distribution. In southern Europe there are at present some nine species but fossil evidence shows that there were once many more. Primitive features are the possession of a sting in the females (as in wasps) and the structural similarity between queens and workers; the latter lack only wings and ocelli. All ponerines have a constriction between the first and second segments of the gaster; here the integument forms, on the underside, an organ for stridulating. They feed largely on small animals and show foraging behaviour that ranges from the highly individual to the advanced legionary type. Larvae are able to eat prey directly and even to move about the nest slightly in the less advanced genera.

      Ponera coarcta has a worldwide distribution but occurs in only 13 of the 152 vice-counties of the British Isles, all in southern England. Its colonies are small and inconspicuous and usually live in woodland amongst the stones and moss of the soil surface. There is another species, Hypoponera punctatissima, that is commonly found in glasshouses and, very rarely, in sunny situations outside.

      The Myrmicinae are thought to have evolved from ponerine ants; both groups retain stings and have a tendency to a thick, wrinkled cuticle with spines on the mesosoma. The myrmicine workers have a much simpler and smaller form than the queens. Their waist comprises two segments; this waist gives extraordinary flexibility to the gaster, and enables the sting at its tip to be brought round under the body and pushed forwards in front of the head. The integuments of the second waist on the first gastral segments form a stridulatory organ on the upper side instead of the underside, as in the ponerines. Only in the more primitive genera do the workers lay eggs. Seed-eating is common in this sub-family; it also includes the only group to have perfected a method of culturing and eating fungi. Many genera have evolved social parasitism; of the ten indigenous here half show this tendency.

      Undoubtedly the most widespread genus in the British Isles is Myrmica. It is a brownish-red ant found in many different habitats, in small colonies that rarely exceed 3000 workers. They sting effectively and painfully if disturbed. Myrmica reaches into every one of our islands. There are eight species; one, Myrmica ruginodis, is apparently the only ant to have colonized Shetland and the only species so far which has been found in all of the 152 vice-counties. At the opposite extreme there is Myrmica speciodes found only in Kent and Sussex, although it is more common in Europe. This is one genus which shows hardly any geographical bias here, for of the eight species which occur in southern England, six are also found in Scotland.

      The next most common genus is Leptothorax, although only one of its four species (Leptothorax acervorum) is widely, though patchily, distributed throughout the British Isles. It is a small, brown ant living in small colonies rich in queens, nesting in quite hard wood or in twigs or under the surface crust of soil. The other three species are restricted to southern England.

      Tetramorium caespitum is the only species of this genus (which is predominantly African) in the British Isles. It is a small, black ant spread widely over central Europe but restricted here to the south and farther north to coastal zones. Such habitats have a high incidence of sunshine in spring so that the soil surface where the ants nest is warmed early in the season. Furthermore, temperatures do not fall very much in winter, especially on the western coasts. Tetramorium caespitum makes large, highly-organized colonies in lowland heath in the south. In autumn it collects and stores the seeds of heather and grass for spring feeding.

      Two myrmicine genera are parasitic on Tetramorium caespitum in this country. One, Strongylognathus (one species Strongylognathus testaceus), has workers of about the same size and shape as its host but they are pale brown and have curved, toothless mandibles. The sexuals are not much bigger and contrast strikingly with the large black queen of Tetramorium. It is rare, even where it is known to exist in Dorset and Hampshire. The other