Ultimate LLC Compliance Guide. Michael Spadaccini

Nature of Ownersip Single class of stock. Different classes and priorities of ownership permitted. Essential Documents Articles of incorporation, bylaws, stock certificates, stock ledger, IRS and state election of S corporation status. Articles of organization, operating agreement (optional) Management Managed by board of directors and officers. Managed either by the owners or by managers appointed by the owners. Tax treatment The entity is not taxed: profits and losses are passed through to the shareholders. The entity is not taxed: profits and losses are passed through to the members.

LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY ACTS

      Every state has a limited liability company act and there are many similarities from state to state, but there is no uniform law in effect in all states. When you organize an LLC in a particular state, you agree to comply with its limited liability company act and it is presumed that you know its requirements. If there is a conflict between the state statute and your articles or operating agreement, the statute will prevail.

       ▼ Good to Know

       There is no federal corporation law or federal LLC law. The federal government has chosen to stay out of the corporation law arena. Thus, it is not possible to charter an LLC in the United States: all U.S. corporations are chartered within one of the 50 states or other jurisdictions, such as the District of Columbia. The United States differs in this respect from some other nations, which charter their corporations at the national level.

      The Uniform Limited Liability Company Act (ULLCA), drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws in 1996 and revised in 2006, has been adopted by a few states. The ULLCA reflects the modern trend in business laws and it represents the subjects commonly found in all state LLC statutes.

      Therefore, to help you better understand limited liability company act requirements and to guide this chapter’s discussion, the ULLCA will serve as a model of a typical limited liability company act.

      Before jumping into this discussion, two concepts should be explained.

      The first is the concept of sources of authority. An LLC is a creature of statute and can only do what state laws permit it to do. All states have some written LLC laws and all states’ LLC laws provide a general outline of what LLCs can and cannot do. The laws often defer to an LLC’s articles of organization or operating agreement to fill in the gaps. As a result, the LLC laws and an LLC’s articles of organization and operating agreement provide the sources of authority that control what an LLC can do and how it must act.

      The second concept is the distinction between a statute and an act. Both terms refer to laws duly adopted by Congress or by a state legislature. All the laws adopted by Congress or a state legislature are statutes. Some of these statutes may empower an administrative agency like the Internal Revenue Service to pass rules to implement the statute. A specific body of statutes is an act. For example, in most states, all the statutes that pertain to LLCs are found together in the limited liability company act. Acts are sometimes referred to as codes, including the Internal Revenue Code, Uniform Commercial Code, or a criminal code.

       Where to Find Your State Statutes

      The list below gives the web address for the statutes of each state and the District of Columbia. You can also find a handy reference table at my web site at the following address: www.learnaboutlaw.com/Corporations/50state_statutes.htm.

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State	Where to Find State Statutes
Alabama	www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeofAlabama/1975coatoc.htm
Alaska	touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/statutes.htm
Arizona	www.azleg.state.az.us/ArizonaRevisedStatutes.asp
Arkansas	www.arkleg.state.ar.us/data/ar_code.asp
California	www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html
Colorado	www.michie.com/colorado
Connecticut	www.cga.ct.gov/asp/menu/Statutes.asp
Delaware	delcode.delaware.gov/index.shtml
District of Columbia	government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?SP=DCC-1000
Florida	www.flsenate.gov/statutes/
Georgia	www.lexis-nexis.com/hottopics/gacode/
Hawaii	www.capitol.hawaii.gov/site1/docs/docs.asp
Idaho	www3.state.id.us/idstat/TOC/idstTOC.html
Illinois	www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs.asp
Indiana	www.in.gov/legislative/ic_iac/
Iowa	www.legis.state.ia.us/IowaLaw.html