Your Literacy Standards Companion, Grades K-2. Jim Burke

findings, and supporting evidence such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

       5. Make strategic use of digital media and visual displays of data to express information and enhance understanding of presentations.

       6. Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and communicative tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

      Language

      Conventions of Standard English

       1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

       2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

      Knowledge of Language

       3. Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style, and to comprehend more fully when reading or listening.

      Vocabulary Acquisition and Use

       4. Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases by using context clues, analyzing meaningful word parts, and consulting general and specialized reference materials, as appropriate.

       5. Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

       6. Acquire and use accurately a range of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when encountering an unknown term important to comprehension or expression.

      Key Principles and Additional Teaching Strategies for English Language Learners K–2

      Nancy Akhavan

      For each standard throughout this book, suggestions for supporting English language learners appear at the ends of the “What the Teacher Does” pages. Here, these instructional ideas are supplemented with additional background, including information on the stages of language acquisition and the implications for differentiated scaffolding.

      Focus on Acquisition

      The young students in our K–2 classrooms, both native English speakers and English language learners (ELLs), are learning language. In many respects they are remarkably the same in their quests for language acquisition. Both groups of students are rapidly developing their vocabularies, using language to communicate, and learning about academic language and formal English.

      However, there is a difference between students who are native English speakers and those who are ELLs. ELLs are acquiring a second (or even third) language when they learn English at school; they already have their primary language with which they communicate at home and in the community. Thus, many of these children are fluent in their first language, an important point to remember so that our mind-set as teachers isn’t that these young kids are struggling learners overall.

      We learn language through two processes. One process is called acquisition, and the other is called language learning. Language acquisition is “picking up” a language. Language learning is what we experience when we take a class in a foreign language.

      In our classrooms we want to focus on the natural process of “picking up” a language. Thus, for both native English speakers and English language learners, this book is filled with strategies and lessons to teach the standards through natural, motivating, and supportive teaching.

      Consider the Five Stages

      To understand the best ways to help your English language learners, and to differentiate instruction based on their language acquisition needs, it is important to understand that not all students learning English need the same scaffolds, the same types of instruction, or the same performance tasks. What they need depends on which stage of language acquisition they are in. While people don’t fit into boxes, and language learning is a fluid process, it truly helps to understand the five stages of language acquisition and assess where your students are so you can tailor instruction based on their language needs. These five stages, as described in the table on the next page, are preproduction, early production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency, and advanced fluency (Haynes & Zacarian, 2010; Krashen, 1982, 2003; Krashen & Terrell, 1983).

      It is also important to note that students acquire language in a natural order (Krashen, 1982, 2003; Peregoy & Boyle, 2012). The key idea here is that students learn English not in the order that you teach it but, rather, in the natural way that the brain learns language. In other words, you can’t force students to learn a grammar rule by teaching it explicitly, but you can ensure that students acquire English rapidly by providing engaging language—rich, supportive, culturally respectful—and meaningful classroom experiences in English (Akhavan, 2006; Hoover & Patton, 2005).

      Offer Collaborative Activities

      To support language acquisition, it is important to provide learning activities that encourage English language learners to work together with native English speakers so that they have opportunities to talk, think, read, and write in English. It is also important to take into consideration the prior knowledge of the English language learners and preview, or front-load, information, ideas, and activities with them in small groups before they join the whole group for a lesson in English. This front-loading in small-group discussion gives English language learners the opportunity to develop knowledge about a subject, discuss the topic in a “safe” setting where they can question, and even use their primary language to discuss the lesson so that they have a foundation before receiving the main lesson in English.

      Check the Clarity of Your Lessons

      Making your lessons understandable to English language learners is the most important thing you can do to help these students be successful in your classroom. Making “input” comprehensible will help your students participate in lessons, help them understand what is going on in the classroom, and encourage them to speak in English as appropriate (Krashen, 2003). You need to provide comprehensible lessons that scaffold the language learner. Scaffolds can include pictures, objects, media from the Internet, and other realia; the important thing is that they powerfully contextualize what you are saying, making it comprehensible and concrete.

      Speak Clearly and at an Appropriate Pace

      It also helps to slow down your speech rate, and to repeat what you are saying to give students learning English “clues” about what you are teaching and time to process. This is true not only for students new to English but also for students who seem to be proficient because they can speak well in English but may not have yet developed academic language.

      Attune Your Teaching and Learning Expectations to the Stages of Language Acquisition

      Language-appropriate, culturally relevant instruction and instruction with high expectations for learning can support students as they learn English. The following table explains the five stages of language acquisition and highlights learner characteristics at each stage. You can best support language acquisition by matching your expectations for student production and interaction in English with the stages that your students are in, as evidenced by their oral and written work.

      Unfortunately, many students remain in the intermediate and early advanced stages for their entire school careers, never reaching full English proficiency. These students, considered long-term