Periplus Pocket Vietnamese Dictionary. Phan Van Giuong

khóc khóc-lóc (to cry) xơ xác xơ-xơ xác-xác (all ragged) ngày xưa ngày xửa ngày xưa (once upon a time)

      Free compound words

      A free compound word is formed by two or three single words, which do not follow the above formation. There are not many free compound words in Vietnamese.

	Examples:
	cà-lăm (stammer)
	bất thình lình (suddenly)
	ấn loát (printing)
Important notes
1.	Vietnamese words never change in number, gender, person or tense. Plurality in Vietnamese is expressed by a limited number of words called plural markers (number) which always precede the invariable names.
2.	More than half of Vietnamese words are derived from Chinese. Therefore, there are often two words to designate the same thing, one coming from Chinese and the other being pure Vietnamese.
3.	The Vietnamese words may be classified as follows: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition, numeral, exclamation, adverbial particle.
4.	Idioms are phrases with a fixed structure. They have a special formation with rhythms.
	Examples:
	Tiền rừng bạc bể	(very rich)
	Ba chìm bảy nổi	(up-and-down)
	Một nắng hai sương	(hardworking life)

      C. The Basic Sentence Structure

      A sentence is made up of one or more phrases. It provides a complete expression of meaning. It expresses a statement, a question, a command or an exclamation. In the written form it begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, a question mark or an exclamation mark. Sometimes a sentence may not have a subject or a verb.

      Phrases

      A phrase is a compound of two or more words which together make up a particular element of a sentence (e.g. the subject or the predicate). There are four types of phrases: noun phrases, verb phrases, adjectival phrases and adverbial phrases.

      Examples:

      Hai người thanh niên đang đẩy một chiếc xe hơi.

      Hai người thanh niên is a noun phrase.

      đang đẩy một chiếc xe hơi is a verb phrase.

      Simple sentences

      The simple sentence is made up of a subject and a predicate. The subject and the predicate can be simple words or phrases. A simple sentence normally consists of two main parts, a subject and a predicate.

	Examples:
	subject	predicate
	Ông Nam	vui. (Mr Nam is happy.)
	Xe tôi	chạy nhanh. (My car runs quicky.)
	Bạn tôi	đã mua sách. (My friend bought some books.)
	Cô ấy	học tiếng Việt không? (Does she learn Vietnamese?)
	Tôi	20 tuổi. (I’m 20 years old.)

      In a simple sentence, there may be more than one subject or predicate.

	Examples:
a.	Ông Nam và tôi đã đi ăn cơm Việt Nam.
	(Mr Nam and I have had a Vietnamese meal.) —2 subjects + a predicate
b.	Sinh viên sẽ học nghe, nói, đọc, viết tiếng Việt.
	(Students will learn to listen to, speak, read and write Vietnamese.) —a subject + 4 predicates

      Optional parts of sentences

      Many sentences have an optional part of a sentence which is dependent on the main part; it modifies the whole sentence. It cannot, therefore, stand independently as a sentence. The optional part can be an adverb or adverbial phrase of time, place, manner, purpose.

      The optional part of a sentence may be put at the beginning of a sentence or at the end, but in Vietnamese, 80% of them have to be put at the beginning of a sentence.

	Examples:
	OPTIONAL PARTS	MAIN PARTS
	Ngày Thứ Hai,	tôi sẽ đi học.
	(On Monday	I will go to school.)
	Ở trên bàn	có 3 quyển sách.
	(On the table,	there are three books.)
	or
	Có 3 quyển sách	ở trên bàn
	(There are three books on the table)
	Tôi sẽ đi học	ngày Thứ Hai.
	(I will go to school	on Monday.)

      Compound sentences

      A compound sentence is made up of two simple sentences linked by a conjunctive particle.

	Examples:
1.	Vì hôm nay trời đẹp nên tôi đi chơi.
	(Because it is a beautiful day, I am going out.)
	– Hôm nay trời đẹp	is a single sentence.
	– Tôi đi chơi	is a single sentence.
	– Vì… nên…	is a conjunctive particle.
2.	Trong khi mẹ tôi làm việc thì em tôi học bài.
	(While my mother is working, my younger brother is studying.)
	– Mẹ tôi làm việc	is a single sentence.
	– Trong khi… thì…	is a single sentence.
	– Em tôi học bài	is a conjunctive particle.

      Some Well-Known Idioms

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Vietnamese-English Idioms
1.	ăn quả nhớ kẻ trồng cây: be grateful to those who help you
2.	ba chìm bảy nổi: the ups and downs of life