The Iliad (Wisehouse Classics Edition). Homer

such as would, in ordinary cases, suggest itself to the mind of a poet. Yet there is scarcely any portion of the Iliad where both historical and internal evidence are more clearly in favour of a connection from the remotest period, with the remainder of the work. The composition of the Catalogue, whensoever it may have taken place, necessarily presumes its author’s acquaintance with a previously existing Iliad. It were impossible otherwise to account for the harmony observable in the recurrence of so vast a number of proper names, most of them historically unimportant, and not a few altogether fictitious: or of so many geographical and genealogical details as are condensed in these few hundred lines, and incidentally scattered over the thousands which follow: equally inexplicable were the pointed allusions occurring in this episode to events narrated in the previous and subsequent text, several of which could hardly be of traditional notoriety, but through the medium of the Iliad.”— Mure, “Language and Literature of Greece,” vol. i. p. 263.

      ²⁷ Twice Sixty: “Thucydides observes that the Boeotian vessels, which carried one hundred and twenty men each, were probably meant to be the largest in the fleet, and those of Philoctetes, carrying fifty each, the smallest. The average would be eighty-five, and Thucydides supposes the troops to have rowed and navigated themselves; and that very few, besides the chiefs, went as mere passengers or landsmen. In short, we have in the Homeric descriptions the complete picture of an Indian or African war canoe, many of which are considerably larger than the largest scale assigned to those of the Greeks. If the total number of the Greek ships be taken at twelve hundred, according to Thucydides, although in point of fact there are only eleven hundred and eighty-six in the Catalogue, the amount of the army, upon the foregoing average, will be about a hundred and two thousand men. The historian considers this a small force as representing all Greece. Bryant, comparing it with the allied army at Platae, thinks it so large as to prove the entire falsehood of the whole story; and his reasonings and calculations are, for their curiosity, well worth a careful perusal.”— Coleridge, p. 211, sq.

      ²⁸ The mention of Corinth is an anachronism, as that city was called Ephyre before its capture by the Dorians. But Velleius, vol. i. p. 3, well observes, that the poet would naturally speak of various towns and cities by the names by which they were known in his own time.

       ²⁹

      “Adam, the goodliest man of men since born,

      His sons, the fairest of her daughters Eve.’

      —“Paradise Lost,” iv. 323.

      ³⁰ AEsetes’ tomb. Monuments were often built on the sea-coast, and of a considerable height, so as to serve as watch-towers or land marks. See my notes to my prose translations of the “Odyssey,” ii. p. 21, or on Eur. “Alcest.” vol. i. p. 240.

      ³¹ Zeleia, another name for Lycia. The inhabitants were greatly devoted to the worship of Apollo. See Muller, “Dorians,” vol. i. p. 248.

32 Barbarous tongues. “Various as were the dialects of the Greeks — and these differences existed not only between the several tribes, but even between neighbouring cities — they yet acknowledged in their language that they formed but one nation were but branches of the same family. Homer has ‘men of other tongues:’ and yet Homer had no general name for the Greek nation.”— Heeren, “Ancient Greece,” Section vii. p. 107, sq. .,

Book III.

       Argument.

THE DUEL OF MENELAUS AND PARIS.

      The armies being ready to engage, a single combat is agreed upon between Menelaus and Paris (by the intervention of Hector) for the determination of the war. Iris is sent to call Helen to behold the fight. She leads her to the walls of Troy, where Priam sat with his counsellers observing the Grecian leaders on the plain below, to whom Helen gives an account of the chief of them. The kings on either part take the solemn oath for the conditions of the combat. The duel ensues; wherein Paris being overcome, he is snatched away in a cloud by Venus, and transported to his apartment. She then calls Helen from the walls, and brings the lovers together. Agamemnon, on the part of the Grecians, demands the restoration of Helen, and the performance of the articles.

      The three-and-twentieth day still continues throughout this book. The scene is sometimes in the fields before Troy, and sometimes in Troy itself.

      Thus by their leaders’ care each martial band

      Moves into ranks, and stretches o’er the land.

      With shouts the Trojans, rushing from afar,

      Proclaim their motions, and provoke the war

      So when inclement winters vex the plain

      With piercing frosts, or thick-descending rain,

      To warmer seas the cranes embodied fly, ¹

      With noise, and order, through the midway sky;

      To pigmy nations wounds and death they bring,

      And all the war descends upon the wing,

      But silent, breathing rage, resolved and skill’d ²

      By mutual aids to fix a doubtful field,

      Swift march the Greeks: the rapid dust around

      Darkening arises from the labour’d ground.

      Thus from his flaggy wings when Notus sheds

      A night of vapours round the mountain heads,

      Swift-gliding mists the dusky fields invade,

      To thieves more grateful than the midnight shade;

      While scarce the swains their feeding flocks survey,

      Lost and confused amidst the thicken’d day:

      So wrapp’d in gathering dust, the Grecian train,

      A moving cloud, swept on, and hid the plain.

      Now front to front the hostile armies stand,

      Eager of fight, and only wait command;

      When, to the van, before the sons of fame

      Whom Troy sent forth, the beauteous Paris came:

      In form a god! the panther’s speckled hide

      Flow’d o’er his armour with an easy pride:

      His bended bow across his shoulders flung,

      His sword beside him negligently hung;

      Two pointed spears he shook with gallant grace,

      And dared the bravest of the Grecian race.

      As thus, with glorious air and proud disdain,

      He boldly stalk’d, the foremost on the plain,

      Him Menelaus, loved of Mars, espies,

      With heart elated, and with joyful eyes:

      So joys a lion, if the branching deer,

      Or mountain goat, his bulky prize, appear;

      Eager he seizes and devours the slain,

      Press’d by bold youths and baying dogs in vain.

      Thus fond of vengeance, with a furious bound,

      In clanging arms he leaps upon the ground

      From his high chariot: him, approaching near,

      The beauteous champion views with marks of fear,

      Smit with a conscious sense, retires behind,

      And shuns the fate he well deserved to find.

      As when some shepherd, from the rustling