Now You Know Royalty. Doug Lennox

in a re-creation ritual to assure the continuing vitality of the community?

      This semi-sacramental character was thought to make the king a means of healing and led to practices such as “touching for the King’s Evil” (scrofula), a type of faith healing. Charles II, it is estimated, touched over 100,000 people. Today this royal quality is attested by the desire of people to touch Queen Elizabeth II.

       What kinds of monarchy are there?

      There are hereditary, elective, dual, theocratic, absolute, and constitutional monarchies— just about as many types as there have been societies to be governed. Sovereignties have been called empires, kingdoms, dominions, realms, principalities, grand duchies, counties, and commonwealths.

       What is hereditary monarchy?

      When the crown, on the death of a sovereign, passes automatically from one monarch to another in the same family it is known as a hereditary monarchy. In monarchies such as Britain/the Commonwealth, Denmark, monarchy. In monarchies such as Britain/ and Japan, the succession has gone on without legal interruption for more than a thousand years.

       What is an elective monarchy?

      In an elective monarchy the king is chosen, usually for life, by vote. Earliest elected kings were selected — mostly by battle! — from members of the extended royal family. Poland is a state that turned from a hereditary monarchy into an elective one in 1572. Its kings were chosen by the szlacta or landed gentry. But elective monarchy so weakened the Polish kingdom that it ended up being partitioned by its neighbours and disappeared as a state for over a century.

       Order of Succession to Queen Elizabeth II (first 12)

      • The Prince Charles, Prince of Wales

      • Prince William of Wales

      • Prince Harry of Wales

      • The Prince Andrew, Duke of York

      • Princess Beatrice of York

      • Princess Eugenie of York

      • The Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex

      • James, Viscount Severn [Prince James of Wessex]

      • Lady Louise Wessex [Princess Louise of Wessex]

      • The Princess Anne, Princess Royal

      • Peter Phillips

      • Zara Phillips

      Malaysia, a Commonwealth country, and the papacy are modern elective monarchies. Nine local hereditary sultans in Malaysia meet every five years to choose one amongst them to be king (Yang di-Pertuan Agong). The pope is elected, customarily from among the cardinals of the Church, for life. Given its great longevity of nearly 2,000 years, the papacy is the most successful elective monarchy in history. Because it is impossible for the papacy to compromise its spiritual claims, bad or incompetent popes never do irreparable damage to it.

      The Dalai Lama, former ruler of Tibet, another elective theocratic monarchy, was chosen by reincarnation. A young child believed to possess the soul of the deceased Dalai Lama was searched for and when discovered was enthroned as the new monarch.

       How do absolute, authoritarian, and legislatively responsible monarchies differ?

      In an absolute monarchy there is no restraint on the will of the ruler. In authoritarian and legislatively responsible monarchies there are religious, customary, and legal restrictions. In a legislatively responsible monarchy the king or his ministers are, in addition, restrained by a popularly elected body. Edward I expressed the principle underlying the latter:

      “What touches all,” he said, “should be approved by all.”

       Have there been any absolute regimes in modern times?

      There have been no absolute monarchies in modern times, but there have been many absolute republics. Lenin and Stalin’s Soviet Union, Hitler’s Germany, Mao’s China, and Pol Pot’s Cambodia are examples.

       Monarchs Who Changed History

Cyrus “the Great”	Persia
Darius I “the Great”	Persia
Chandragupta Maurya	India
Alexander III “the Great”	Greece, Asia Minor, Persia, Egypt
Constantine I “the Great”	Roman Empire, East and West
Tiridates IV “the Great”	Armenia
Clovis I	France
Charlemagne	France, Germany, Italy
Arpad	Hungary
Rurik	Russia
Alexius I Comnenus	Byzantium
Ivan Asen II	Bulgaria, Thrace, Albania, Greece, Macedonia
Urôs Stephen “the Great”	DusânSerbia
William “the Conqueror”	England
Alfonso I Henriques	Portugal
Robert “the Bruce”	Scotland
St. Vladimir I	Russia
Pachacutec Inca Yupanquil	Ecuador, Peru, Chile
Mohammed II	Turkey, Balkans, Mediterranean
Montezuma II	Mexico
Jan III Sobieski	Western Europe
Peter “the Great”	Russia
Napoleon I	France, Europe, United States
Victor Emmanuel II	Italy

       What is the difference between an authoritarian monarch and a tyrant?

      The clever though often pedantic King James I and VI explained the difference in his first speech to the English Parliament on inheriting the crowns of England and Ireland in 1603. “The special and greatest point of difference that is between a rightful king and an usurping tyrant is this: That whereas the proud and ambitious tyrant doth think his kingdoms and people are only ordained for the satisfaction of his desires and unreasonable appetites, the righteous and just king doth by the contrary acknowledge himself to be ordained for the procuring of the wealth and property of his people,” His Majesty said.

       Subjects of which sovereign prince recently voted to retain authoritarian monarchy?

      Karl Adam, Prince of Liechtenstein. In a democratic referendum held in 2003, the people of Liechtenstein chose overwhelmingly to keep the form of government in which the prince is sovereign. The principality’s government, nonetheless, operates day by day in approved democratic fashion.