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F. Traub. 1981. Quo vadimus: Computer science in a decade. Communications of the ACM, 24(6): 351–369. DOI: 10.1145/358669.358677.

      27.J. Hopcroft, B. Lampson, J. McCarthy, A. Penzias, M. Rabin, J. Schwartz, D. Scott, and A. Van Dam. December 1986. Preliminary Draft Report on the Scientific Contributions of Computer Science. National Science Foundation.

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      29.J. McCarthy. April 13, 1996. A Petition for the Withdrawal of “Computing the Future”. http://jmc.stanford.edu/commentary/petition.html; last accessed 31 December 2018.

      30.National Research Council. 1997. Defining a Decade: Envisioning CSTB’s Second 10 Years. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

      31.L. Kleinrock. 1998. Toward a National Research Network. National Academies.

      32.J. F. Traub and National Research Council. 1988. The National Challenge in Computer Science and Technology. National Academies.

      33.Links to CSTB publications can be found here: http://sites.nationalacademies.org/CSTB/ CSTB_042201.

      34.National Research Council, 1997.

      35.CRA provided three earlier reports: (1) P. Freeman and W. Aspray. 1999. The Supply of Information Technology Workers in the United States. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED459346. (2) J. Cuny and W. Aspray. 2001. Recruitment and Retention of Women Graduate Students in Computer Science and Engineering. Computing Research Association. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239547208_Recruitment_and_retention_of_ women_graduate_students_in_computer_science_and_engineering. (3) J. Stankovic and W. Aspray. 2003. Recruitment and Retention of Faculty in Computer Science and Engineering. Computing Research Association. http://archive.cra.org/reports/r&rfaculty.pdf.

      36.Y. Oyanagi. 1999. Development of supercomputers in Japan: Hardware and software. Parallel Computing, 25: 1545–1567. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-8191(99)00084-8.

      37.National Research Council. 2005. Getting up to Speed: The Future of Supercomputing. National Academies Press.

      38.Panel on Large Scale Computing in Science and Engineering, and P. D. Lax. 1983. Report of the Panel on Large Scale Computing in Science and Engineering. National Science Foundation. https://www.pnnl.gov/scales/docs/lax_report1982.pdf.

      39.K. G. Wilson. 1988. On Supercomputing. In Panel on Large Scale Computing in Science and Engineering and P. D. Lax. 1983. National Science Foundation. Supplement to the “Report of the Panel on Large Scale Computing in Science and Engineering,” pp. 24–33.

      40.J. F. Decker. 1983. “Report to the Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering and Technology Supercomputer Panel on Recommended Government Actions to Provide Access to Supercomputers.” In Supercomputers, Hearings before the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session, November, vol. 15, p. 16.

      41.M. Bardon. 1983. A National Computing Environment for Academic Research. National Science Foundation: Report of an NSF Working Group on Computers for Research.

      42.Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. September 7, 1984. Report of the Research Briefing Panel on Computer Architecture, National Academies of Sciences and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine. DOI: 10.17226/19410.

      43.Erich Bloch. September 11, 1984. NSF internal memorandum to Carl Hall, AAD/ENG, Marcel Bardon, AAD/MPS, and John Connolly, OD/OASC. Charles Babbage Institute.

      44.Kent Curtis, DD/DCR, Blake Cherrington, DD/ECSE, and John Connolly, Head/OASC. September 24, 1984. NSF internal memorandum to Erich Bloch, Director. Charles Babbage Institute.

      45.R. Adrion, D. Farber, F. F. Kuo, L. H. Landweber, D. Angel, and J. B. Wyatt. December 1984. SCIENCENET: Report on the Evolution of a National Supercomputer Access Network. National Science Foundation.

      46.D. M. Jennings, L. H. Landweber, I. H. Fuchs, D. J. Farber, and W. R. Adrion. 1986. Computer networking for scientists. Science, 231(4741): 943–950. DOI: 10.1126/science.231.4741.943.

      47.This quote is from the introduction to the program activities of the Division of Computing Research (DCR) in the Mathematical and Physical Sciences and Engineering (MPE) Directorate. NSF Annual Report, 1975.

      48.I applied and was recruited to NSF by Kent Curtis and joined in a “rotator” position. NSF brings academics into serve as “rotating” program officers using several employment strategies including Visiting Scientist, Engineer, and Educator (VSEE); Intergovernmental Personnel Act (IPA); and temporary excepted service assignments.

      49.Congress changed the fiscal year start from July 1 to October 1 beginning in 1977, hoping the later start would find all federal budgets passed before the fiscal year began. The result was a need for a 3-month “Transition Quarter.” See J. J. Hogan. 1985. Ten years after: The US Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974. Public Administration, 63(2): 133–149. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9299.1985.tb00896.x.

      50.ESL, Inc. was a defense contractor specializing in satellite and other photographic image processing. ESL was led by William Perry, later Secretary of Defense under Clinton and earlier Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering from 1977 to 1981, and Robert Fossum, who was DARPA Director from 1976 to 1981.

      51.Sponsored Projects Office, University of California, Berkeley. Quick Guide to Working with NSF FastLane and Research.gov. https://spo.berkeley.edu/guide/fastlanequick.html; last accessed 19 March 2019.

      52.Theoretical Computer Science was the largest program and received only about 100 proposals per year.

      53.Oral history, Rick Weingarten, interviewed by Peter Freeman, July 11, 2017. Charles Babbage Institute.

      54.R. Adrion and S. Mahaney. 2003. Shooting inward. Computing Research News, 15(1). archive.cra.org/CRN/articles/jan03/adrion.mahaney.html; last accessed 15 January 2019.

      55.Nomination information and winners can be found at https://amturing.acm.org/.

      56.The Turing Award is presented each June at the ACM Awards Banquet and is accompanied by a prize of $1,000,000 plus travel expenses to the banquet. Financial support for the award [currently] is provided by Google Inc.

      57.D. E. Knuth. 1969. The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 1. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley Publising Company.

      58.D. Knuth. 1986. Computers & Typesetting. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

      59.Ted