Computing and the National Science Foundation, 1950-2016. William Aspray

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      Computing and the

      National Science Foundation,

      1950–2016

       Building a Foundation for Modern Computing

       Peter A. Freeman

       Georgia Institute of Technology

       W. Richards Adrion

       University of Massachusetts Amherst

       William Aspray

       University of Colorado Boulder

       ACM Books #31

      Copyright © 2019 by Association for Computing Machinery

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other except for brief quotations in printed reviews—without the prior permission of the publisher.

      Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks or registered trademarks. In all instances in which the Association for Computing Machinery is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration.

       Computing and the National Science Foundation, 1950–2016: Building a Foundation for Modern Computing

      Peter A. Freeman, W. Richards Adrion, William Aspray

      books.acm.org

      ISBN: 978-1-4503-7274-9eBook

      ISBN: 978-1-4503-7275-6EPUB

      ISBN: 978-1-4503-7276-3paperback

      ISBN: 978-1-4503-7277-0hardcover

      Series ISSN: 2374-6769 print2374-6777 electronic

      DOIs:

10.1145/3336323 Book	10.1145/3336323.3336332 Chapter 8
10.1145/3336323.3336324 Front Matter	10.1145/3336323.3336333 Chapter 9
10.1145/3336323.3336326 Chapter 1	10.1145/3336323.3336334 Chapter 10
10.1145/3336323.3336326 Chapter 2	10.1145/3336323.3336335 Chapter 11
10.1145/3336323.3336327 Chapter 3	10.1145/3336323.3336336 Chapter 12
10.1145/3336323.3336328 Chapter 4	10.1145/3336323.3336337 Chapter 13
10.1145/3336323.3336329 Chapter 5	10.1145/3336323.3336338 Appendixes
10.1145/3336323.3336330 Chapter 6	10.1145/3336323.3336339 Index/Bios
10.1145/3336323.3336331 Chapter 7

      A publication in the ACM Books series, #31

      Editor in Chief: Sanjiva Prasad, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Founding Editor: M. Tamer Özsu, University of Waterloo Area Editor: Thomas Misa, University of Minnesota

      This book was typeset in Arnhem Pro 10/14 and Flama using ZzT_EX.

      First Edition

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

       We dedicate this book to the thousands of NSF employees, past and present, and the hundreds of thousands of investigators, graduate students, educators, and reviewers who built and sustained what is often called the “gold standard” of peer-reviewed fundamental scientific research.

      Contents

       Preface

       PART I CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY

       Chapter 1 1950–1974: Science Information, Computing Facilities, Education, and Basic Research

       W. Richards Adrion

       1.1Science Information—1950s to 1980s

       1.2Filling the Demand for Computing Infrastructure

       1.3Computers in Education

       1.4Finding a Home for Computer Science Research

       1.5Summary and Conclusions

       Notes

       Chapter 2 1974–1986: CER, CSNET, NSFNET, and the Founding of CISE

       W. Richards