Code Nation. Michael J. Halvorson

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      Andrew L. Russell, Stevens Institute of Technology

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      Bernadette Longo, New Jersey Institute of Technology

      2015

      Candidate Multilinear Maps

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      Smarter Than Their Machines: Oral Histories of Pioneers in Interactive Computing

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      Embracing Interference in Wireless Systems

      Shyamnath Gollakota, University of Washington

      2014

      Code Nation

       Personal Computing and the Learn to Program Movement in America

       Michael J. Halvorson

      Pacific Lutheran University

       ACM Books #32

      Copyright © 2020 by Association for Computing Machinery

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other except for brief quotations in printed reviews—without the prior permission of the publisher.

      Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks or registered trademarks. In all instances in which the Association of Computing Machinery is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration.

       Code Nation: Personal Computing and the Learn to Program Movement in America

      Michael J. Halvorson

      books.acm.org

       http://books.acm.org

      ISBN: 978-1-4503-7758-4hardcover

      ISBN: 978-1-4503-7757-7paperback

      ISBN: 978-1-4503-7756-0EPUB

      ISBN: 978-1-4503-7755-3eBook

      Series ISSN: 2374-6769 print2374-6777 electronic

      DOIs:

10.1145/3368274 Book	10.1145/3368274.3368282 Chapter 7
10.1145/3368274.3368275 Acknowledgments	10.1145/3368274.3368283 Chapter 8
10.1145/3368274.3368276 Chapter 1	10.1145/3368274.3368284 Chapter 9
10.1145/3368274.3368277 Chapter 2	10.1145/3368274.3368285 Chapter 10
10.1145/3368274.3368278 Chapter 3	10.1145/3368274.3368286 Chapter 11
10.1145/3368274.3368279 Chapter 4	10.1145/3368274.3368287 Afterword
10.1145/3368274.3368280 Chapter 5	10.1145/3368274.3368288 Index
10.1145/3368274.3368281 Chapter 6

      A publication in the ACM Books series, #32

      Editor in Chief: Sanjiva Prasad, IIT Delhi

      Area Editor: Thomas Misa, University of Minnesota

      This book was typeset in Arnhem Pro 10/14 and Flama using LuaTEX.

      Cover image by vgajic/Collection E+ via Getty images

      First Edition

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

       Contents

       Acknowledgments

       PART ILEARNING TO CODE

       Chapter 1How Important is Programming?

       1.1Programming Culture

       1.2Learning a Language

       1.3New Ways of Thinking

       1.4Equity and Access

       1.5Personal Connections

       1.6Manifestos of the Movement

       1.7A New History of Personal Computing

       Chapter 2Four Computing Mythologies

       2.1The NATO Conference on Software Engineering

       2.2The Complexity of Software

       2.3Systems are for Customers

       2.4The Counterculture Movement

       2.5Everything is Deeply Intertwingled

       2.6The