Border Jumping and Migration Control in Southern Africa. Francis Musoni

Remittance System in Matabeleland, Zimbabwe,” African Diaspora 7, no.1 (2014): 38–62; Blair Rutherford, “The Politics of Boundaries: The Shifting Terrain of Belonging for Zimbabweans in a South African Border Zone,” African Diaspora 4, no. 2 (2011): 207–29.

      4. I use the term border jumping to refer to so-called “illegal migration” in this region because it vernacularizes and decriminalizes the rhetorical overlay of illegal migration and other terms, such as undocumented migration, illicit migration, or irregular migration. For a more detailed discussion of this term and its use in this book, see the section entitled “Border Jumping as an Analytical Concept” in this introduction.

      5. John O. Oucho, “Cross-Border Migration and Regional Initiatives in Managing Migration in Southern Africa,” in Migration in South and Southern Africa: Dynamics and Determinants, ed. Pieter Kok, Derik Gelderblom, John Oucho, and Johan Van Zyl (Pretoria: Human Science Research Council, 2006); Jonathan Crush, “Migrations Past: An Historical Overview of Cross-border Movements in Southern Africa,” in On Borders: Perspectives on International Migration in Southern Africa, ed. David A. McDonald (Ontario: SAMP, 2000); Jonathan Klaaren and Jay Ramji, “Inside Illegality: Migration Policing in South Africa after Apartheid,” Africa Today 48, no. 3 (2001): 35–47; Anthony Minaar and Mike Hough, Who Goes There?: Perspectives on Clandestine Migration and Illegal Aliens in Southern Africa (Pretoria: HSRC, 1996); Jonathan Crush, “The Discourse and Dimensions of Irregularity in Post-apartheid South Africa,” International Migration 37, no. 1 (1999): 125–51; Sally A. Peberdy, “Border Crossings: Small Entrepreneurs and Cross-Border Trade Between South Africa and Mozambique,” Tijdschnft voor Economische en Social Geografie 91, no. 4 (2000): 361–378; Jens A. Anderson, “Informal Moves, Informal Markets: International Migrants and Traders from Mzimba District, Malawi,” African Affairs 105, no. 420 (2006): 375–97; Darshan Vigneswaran, Tesfalem Araia, Colin Hoag, and Xolani Tshabalala, “Criminality or Monopoly? Informal Immigration Enforcement in South Africa,” Journal of Southern African Studies, 36, no. 2 (2010): 465–81. See also, Francis B. Nyamnjoh, Insiders and Outsiders: Citizenship and Xenophobia in Contemporary Southern Africa (Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, 2006); Jonathan Crush, Abel Chikanda, and Caroline Skinner, eds., Mean Streets: Migration, Xenophobia and Informality in South Africa (Cape Town: Southern African Migration Project, 2015); Norma Kriger, “The Politics of Legal Status for Zimbabweans in South Africa,” in Zimbabwe’s New Diaspora and the Cultural Politics of Survival, ed. JoAnn McGregor and Ranka Primorac (New York: Berghahn, 2010); James Muzondidya, “Makwerekwere: Migration, Citizenship and Identity among Zimbabweans in South Africa,” in McGregor and Primorac, Zimbabwe’s New Diaspora; Loren Landau, “Transplants and Transients: Idioms of Belonging and Dislocation in Inner-City Johannesburg,” African Studies Review 49, no. 2 (2006): 125–45.

      6. See Hussein Solomon, Of Myths and Migration: Illegal Immigration into South Africa (Pretoria: University of South Africa, 2003); David A. McDonald and Jonathan Crush, eds., Destinations Unknown: Perspectives on the Brain Drain (Pretoria: Africa Institute and SAMP, 2002); Rudo Gaidzanwa, Voting with Their Feet: Migrant Zimbabwean Nurses and Doctors in the Era of Structural Adjustment (Uppsala: Nordiska Institute, 1999); David A. McDonald, Lovemore Zinyama, John Gay, Fion de Vletter, and Robert Mattes, “Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner: Migration from Lesotho, Mozambique and Zimbabwe to South Africa,” International Migration Review 34, no. 3 (2000): 813–41.

      7. Sandra Lavenex, “Migration and the EU’s New Eastern Border: Between Realism and Liberalism,” Journal of European Public Policy 8, no. 1 (2001): 24–42; Rob T. Guerette and Ronald V. Clarke, “Border Enforcement, Organized Crime, and Deaths of Smuggled Migrants on the United States–Mexico Border,” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 11, no. 2 (2005): 159–74; Sule Toktas and Hande Selimoglu, “Smuggling and Trafficking in Turkey: An Analysis of EU-Turkey Cooperation in Combating Transnational Organized Crime,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 14, no. 1 (2012): 135–50.

      8. Aurelia Segatti, “Reforming South African Immigration Policy in the Post-apartheid Period (1990–2010),” in Contemporary Migration to South Africa: A Regional Development Issue, ed. Aurelia Segatti and Loren B. Landau. (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011. See also, Democratic Alliance, “Secure Our Borders,” https://www.da.org.za/policy/secure-our-borders. See also, News24, “Parts of SA-Zim Border Stolen,” July 24, 2009, http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Parts-of-SA-Zim-border-stolen-20090724.

      9. Joseph Nevins, Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the “Illegal Alien” and the Making of the US-Mexico Boundary (New York: Routledge, 2002).

      10. Andersson, Illegality, Inc., 3.

      11. Anthony I. Asiwaju, ed., Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations across Africa’s International Boundaries, 1884–1984 (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1985); William F. S. Miles, Hausaland Divided: Colonialism and Independence in Nigeria and Niger (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994); Paul Nugent and Anthony Asiwaju, eds., African Boundaries: Barriers, Conduits and Opportunities (New York: Pinter, 1996); Paul Nugent, Smugglers, Secessionists and Loyal Citizens on the Ghana-Togo Frontier: The Lie of the Borderlands since 1914 (Oxford: James Currey, 2002).

      12. For similar analyses, see Dereje Feyissa and Markus Virgil Hoehne, eds., Borders and Borderlands as Resources in the Horn of Africa (Suffolk: James Currey, 2010); David B. Coplan, “Border Show Business and Performing States,” in A Companion to Border Studies, ed. Thomas M. Wilson, and Hastings Donnan (West Sussex: Blackwell, 2012); Benedikt Korf, and Timothy Raeymakers, eds., Violence on the Margins: States, Conflict, and Borderlands (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

      13. Russell King and Daniela DeBono, “Irregular Migration and the ‘Southern European Model’ of Migration,” Journal of Mediterranean Studies 22, no. 1 (2013): 3. See also, Nicholas De Genova, “The Production of Culprits: From Deportability to Detainability in the Aftermath of ‘Homeland Security” Citizenship Studies, 11, no. 5 (2007): 421–48; Catherine Dauvergne, Making People Illegal: What Globalization Means for Migration and Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

      14. For a further discussion of these terms and their usage, see De Genova, “Production of Culprits”; David W. Haines and Karen E. Rosenblum, “Introduction: Problematic Labels, Volatile Issues,” in Illegal Immigration in America: A Reference Handbook, ed. David W. Haines and Karen E. Rosenblum (Westport: Greenwood, 1999).

      15. Haines and Rosenblum, “Introduction: Problematic Labels,” 4.

      16. See, e.g., Maxim Bolt, Zimbabwe’s Migrants and South Africa’s Border Farms: The Roots of Impermanence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015); Josphat Mushongah and Ian Scoones, “Livelihood Change in Rural Zimbabwe over 20 Years” Journal of Development Studies 48, 9 (2012): 1241–57; Nedson Pophiwa, “Mobile Livelihoods—The Players Involved in Smuggling of Commodities across the Zimbabwe‐Mozambique Border,” Journal of Borderlands Studies 25, 2 (2010): 65–76; Blair Rutherford, “Zimbabweans Living in the South African Border-Zone: Negotiating, Suffering and Surviving,” Concerned African Scholars Bulletin 80 (2008): 35–42; Sally Peberdy, “Imagining Immigration: Inclusive Identities and Exclusive Policies in Post-1994 South Africa,” Africa Today 48, no. 3 (Autumn 2001): 15–32; Crush, “Discourse and Dimensions” and “Fortress South Africa and the Deconstruction of Apartheid’s Migration Regime” Geoforum 30, no. 1 (1999): 1–11.

      17. See, e.g., David Spener, Clandestine Crossings: Migrants and Coyotes on the Texas-Mexico Border (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009); Itty Abraham and Willem van Schendel, ed., Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: States, Borders and the Other Side of Globalization, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005); Janet Roitman, Fiscal Disobedience: An Anthropology of Economic Regulation in Central Africa (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,