Democracy and Liberty. William Edward Hartpole Lecky

of the Labour Commissioners would change this

       Growth of trade-unionism accompanied by increased legal regulation of industry

       The good and evil of this regulation

       Continental experiments—The Austrian guilds

       Legislation to protect workmen from intimidating each other—General principles

       Instances of intimidation

       The older trade unions usually in favour of peace

       Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1871

       Repealed in 1875—A new Act carried

       Objections to the Act of 1875

       Recommendations of the Labour Commission

       Different forms of intimidation practised

       Federations of employers

       The Free Labour movement

       Labour disputes likely to play a large part in municipal government

       The Paris Municipality

       Efforts of trade unions to control municipal labour in England

       Relations of employers to trade unions

       Methods by which labour war is carried on by employers

       And by trade unions

       The effects of strikes

       Desire to use political power to handicap employers in labour disputes

       Immigration of foreign pauperism

       Legislation to help workmen in labour disputes

       This policy one form of the prevailing spirit of Protectionism

       Connection of Protectionism and wage questions in America

       In Australia and New Zealand

       Strength of the conservative influence in English labour

       Diffusion of working men’s property in France and England

       This is the best guarantee against social revolution

       Large number of the real owners of the soil

       Value of the joint-stock system in diffusing capital

       Co-operative industries—Causes of their frequent failure

       More successful in distribution than production

       Productive co-operation has, however, proved successful and useful

       The industrial effects of education

       The profit-sharing system

       Specially successful in France—Trade-unionism little developed there

       The profit-sharing system favours large industries

       Other Methods of Conciliation

       The sliding scale

       Piecework—Payment by the hour—Conciliation and arbitration boards

       Continental methods of settling labour disputes

       English legislation about arbitration

       Government encouragement of thrift

       Division of land—Its difficulty and its necessity

       England not well suited for peasant proprietors

       The creation of peasant proprietors in Ireland

       Changes in American agriculture

       Peasant proprietors on the Continent

       Influences likely to divide land in England

       Attempts to multiply small proprietors by law—The Small Holdings Act of 1892

       Attempts to bring back manufacturers to the country

       The town properties—Desirability of multiplying freeholds

       Socialists hostile to this policy

       Moral Element in Labour Questions

       Increased sense of the inequalities of fortune

       The impatience of inexperienced democracy

       Strengthening of the philanthropic side of religion

       New sources of pleasure opened to the poor