Democracy and Liberty. William Edward Hartpole Lecky

Patrician and plebeian marriages

       The Roman concubinatus

       Priestly connections in the Middle Ages

       Morganatic marriages

       Disabilities in Germany—Prohibition of marriages without sufficient means

       Invalidity of Protestant marriages in France

       Of marriages celebrated by Nonconformist ministers in England

       Of some marriages celebrated by priests in Ireland

       Of purely religious marriages in some continental countries

       Invalidities created by differences of belief

       By the profession of an actor

       By spiritual relationship

       By vows of celibacy

       By differences of race or colour

       Civil Marriage

       Began in the Netherlands

       In French law—Its rapid spread

       Two different systems

       Hostility of the Catholic Church

       Character of civil marriage in England

       In Germany, Italy, and Switzerland

       Marriage laws in Spain

       In the Austrian Empire

       In South America

       In Scandinavian countries, Russia, Roumania

       Divorce

       Arguments for and against its permission

       The Council of Trent absolutely condemned it

       Catholicism admits many grounds of nullity

       Divorce of Napoleon from Josephine

       Divorce established in France on the widest system in 1792

       Regulated and restricted by the Civil Code

       Abolished in 1816, but retained in Belgium, the Rhenish Provinces, and Baden

       Re-enacted in 1884

       Admitted in Austria for non-Catholics

       Swiss and German laws

       Its increasing popularity in France

       The Protestant and Greek Churches never wholly condemned it

       Absurdity and injustice of the English system of granting it

       Remarks of Justice Maule

       The Divorce Act of 1857

       Its imperfections

       Compared with Australian legislation

       Examination of the effects of the Act

       Divorce laws not a cause of national demoralisation

       Their different types in Europe—Statistics of divorces

       Divorce in the United States

       Chiefly asked for by women

       Laws on illegitimacy

       The natural right to marriage accompanies the secularisation of marriage

       Restrictions only justified by grave dangers

       Marriage with a deceased wife’s sister

       CHAPTER 8 SOCIALISM

       Archaic element in modern Socialism

       Common property in land

       Condemnation of loans at interest

       Industrial corporate monopoly

       Absorption of individual rights by the State

       Greek communism

       The Sabbatical and Jubilee years of the Hebrews

       Common property in the early Church

       Socialistic tendencies of the Fathers

       Influence of the monasteries—Mediæval organisation of industry