Abnormal Psychology. William J. Ray

validity 96

       lifetime prevalence 108

       linkage analysis 111

       longitudinal design 107

       match subjects design 99

       meta-analysis 112

       monozygotic (MZ) twins 110

       naturalistic observation 88

       negative correlation 90

       null hypothesis 100

       operational definition 93

       placebo effect 97

       population 98

       positive correlation 90

       prevalence 107

       private personality 116

       probability 101

       randomization 99

       randomized control trial (RCT) 99

       replication 111

       research hypothesis 100

       right to privacy 115

       risk 109

       sample 101

       science 84

       scientific knowledge 85

       single-subject designs 105

       statistically significant 111

       twin studies 110

       validity 93

       voluntary participation 115

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      4 Assessment and Classification of Psychological Disorders

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      Chapter Outline

        Initial Assessment and the Mental Status Exam

       The Clinical Interview

       The Mental Status Exam

        Structured Interviews and Assessment Considerations

       Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders

       Assessing Cultural Dimensions

        CULTURAL LENS: Empirically Supported Research Approaches and Cultural Competence

       Reliability and Validity in Relation to Psychopathology

        Reliability

        Assessment Validity

        Models of Assessment

       Symptom Questionnaires

       Personality Tests

        Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

       Projective Tests

        Rorschach Inkblots

        Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

       Neuropsychological Testing

        Neuropsychological Tests and Mental Illness

       Using Neuroscience Techniques to Identify Mental Illness

        Diagnostic Considerations in Psychopathology

       Categorical Versus Dimensional Approaches

       Comorbidity, Internalizing Disorders, and Externalizing Disorders

       Utilizing Neuroscience Methods in Diagnosis and Treatment

        Classification Systems for Mental Disorders

       International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

       Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

        Origins of the DSM

        Early Versions of the DSM and the Eventual Focus on Diagnostic Criteria

        DSM–5: The Current Version

        LENS: Assessment, Classification, and Clinical Practice: The RDoC Alternative to the DSM

        Summary

        Study Resources

       Review Questions

       For Further Reading

       Key Terms and Concepts

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      Learning Objectives

       4.1 Explain what the mental status exam is and how it is used.

       4.2 Identify cultural and other considerations used in the assessment of psychological disorders.

       4.3 Identify the tests and techniques used in assessing mental illness.

       4.4 Discuss diagnostic considerations in approaching psychopathology.

       4.5 Explain the significance of the DSM–5 and RDoC in the classification of mental disorders.

      Elyn Saks told of her time as a graduate student at Oxford after graduating from Vanderbilt University. As a student at Oxford, she began to have a hard time concentrating on academic work and lectures. She turned in papers that her tutor did not understand. A friend of hers who was a nurse asked her fiancé, who was a physician who specialized in neurology, to talk with Elyn. Elyn Saks remembers the conversation as follows:

      “Jean and I are very concerned about you,” he said quietly. “We think you may be quite sick. Would you mind if I asked you some questions?”

      “I’m not sick,” I responded. “I’m just not smart enough. But questions, yes. Ask me questions.”

      “Are you feeling down?”

      “Yes.”

      “Loss of pleasure in daily activities?”

      “Yes.”

      “Difficulty sleeping?”

      “Yes.”

      “Loss of appetite?”

      “Yes.”

      “How