Abnormal Psychology. William J. Ray

1 • An Overview of Psychopathology and Changing Conceptualizations of Mental IllnessUnderstanding Psychopathology: Definitions and Key ConsiderationsDefining Psychopathology and Understanding Its ComponentsStigma and Mental DisordersThe Three Major Themes of This BookLevels of AnalysisLENS: American Attitudes Toward Mental IllnessBiopsychosocial ApproachThe Relation of Evolution and Culture to PsychopathologyCultural LENS: Global Mental Health: Available TreatmentIs Psychopathology Universal?Historical Considerations in Understanding PsychopathologyAncient Greek and Roman Influences—Mental Illness Involves the BrainPsychopathology in the Middle AgesFrom the Renaissance to the 1700s—The Beginning of Modern ScienceDiscovering the Function of the Brain in Behavior and PsychopathologyThe 1700s to the 1900sA Growing Understanding of the Role of EvolutionA Search for OrganizationCare for Those With Mental DisordersLENS: Closing Mental Hospitals in AmericaFrom the Past to the PresentBiological Approaches to Treating Mental IllnessPsychological Treatment Perspectives in the Twentieth CenturyPsychodynamic Perspectives on TreatmentSigmund FreudExistential-Humanistic PerspectivesBehavioral and Cognitive Behavioral PerspectivesSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge

      4 Chapter 2 • Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding PsychopathologyThe Growing Importance of Neuroscience, Genetics, and an Evolutionary PerspectiveBrain Anatomy, Neurons, and NeurotransmittersA Quick Review of Brain Anatomy and FunctionNeurons and Neural TransmissionHow Does the Neuron Pass Information?Major NeurotransmittersEncoding InformationHow Do We Observe the Brain at Work?ElectroencephalographyEvoked PotentialsMagnetoencephalographyPositron Emission TomographyFunctional Magnetic Resonance ImagingDiffusion Tensor ImagingSpatial and Temporal ResolutionNeuroethicsCultural LENS: Using Brain Imaging to Understand CultureLENS: Neuroethics: Ethical Considerations When Using Neuroscience TechniquesNetworks of the BrainNeurons Connect in a NetworkWhat Is the Brain’s Default (Intrinsic) Network?Different Networks Are Involved in Different TasksGenetics and PsychopathologyThe Study of GeneticsWhat Do Genes Do?DNAHow Do Genes Influence Behavior?Epigenetic ProcessesMitochondria and Mitochondrial InheritanceWhat Are Endophenotypes?Evolution and PsychopathologyThe Themes of EvolutionPsychopathology From an Evolutionary PerspectiveSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge

      5 Chapter 3 • Research MethodsWhat Is Science?Nonexperimental Methods of Psychological ResearchCase StudyNaturalistic Observation: Just LookingCorrelational Approach: What Goes With WhatThe Experimental Method: Making It HappenDefinitions in the Experimental MethodDoes Playing Music Change the Brain?Logic and Inference: The Detective Work of ScienceValidityWhat Do I Expect to Happen?Designing an Experimental StudyParticipants in the StudyPutting Participants in GroupsDesigning and Structuring the Experimental StudyIs the Dependent Variable Related to the Independent Variable?Null Hypothesis and Inferential StatisticsConfound HypothesisResearch HypothesisCultural LENS: Randomized Controlled Trials of Global Mental Health Treatments in Low- and Middle-Income CountriesOther Types of Experimental Designs and Research ConsiderationsSingle-Subject DesignsLongitudinal ResearchEpidemiological ResearchResearch Involving GeneticsBehavioral GeneticsClinical and Statistical SignificanceReplication and Meta-AnalysisLENS: Treatment and Clinical Perspectives: Failure to Publish the Results of All Clinical Trials Is Hurting Medical ScienceEthics and the Scientific ExperimentThe Experiment as an Ethical ProblemIngredients of the Initial Scientist–Participant DialogueVoluntary ParticipationInformed ConsentThe Rights of the Research Participant and the Responsibilities of the ExperimenterWhat Is Harmful to a Research Participant?The Institutional Review BoardThe Ethical RelationshipSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge

      6 Chapter 4 • Assessment and Classification of Psychological DisordersInitial Assessment and the Mental Status ExamThe Clinical InterviewThe Mental Status ExamStructured Interviews and Assessment ConsiderationsStructured Clinical Interview for DSM DisordersAssessing Cultural DimensionsCultural LENS: Empirically Supported Research Approaches and Cultural CompetenceReliability and Validity in Relation to PsychopathologyReliabilityAssessment ValidityModels of AssessmentSymptom QuestionnairesPersonality TestsMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)Projective TestsRorschach InkblotsThematic Apperception Test (TAT)Neuropsychological TestingNeuropsychological Tests and Mental IllnessUsing Neuroscience Techniques to Identify Mental IllnessDiagnostic Considerations in PsychopathologyCategorical Versus Dimensional ApproachesComorbidity, Internalizing Disorders, and Externalizing DisordersUtilizing Neuroscience Methods in Diagnosis and TreatmentClassification Systems for Mental DisordersInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health ProblemsDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersOrigins of the DSMEarly Versions of the DSM and the Eventual Focus on Diagnostic CriteriaDSM–5: The Current VersionLENS: Assessment, Classification, and Clinical Practice: The RDoC Alternative to the DSMSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge

      7 Chapter 5 • Disorders of ChildhoodImportant Aspects of Normal Child DevelopmentBrain DevelopmentEffects of Early Life StressTheories of AttachmentHarry Harlow’s Experiments With Infant MonkeysJohn Bowlby’s Research on AttachmentMary Ainsworth’s Work and Styles of AttachmentLong-Term Consequences of Early Attachment PatternsImitation LearningCultural LENS: Romania Adoption StudyTheory of MindAdolescenceSocial Brain in AdolescenceRisk Taking in AdolescenceBrain Systems Involved in Social RelationsThe Importance of the Prefrontal CortexRecent Neuroscience Research Highlighting Brain ProcessesAttachment Disorders, Conduct Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant DisorderAttachment DisordersConduct DisorderOppositional Defiant DisorderCASE OF ROBERT: Conduct DisorderTreatment for Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant DisorderCultural LENS: School Shootings Around the WorldAutism Spectrum DisorderCharacteristics of Autism Spectrum DisorderUnderstanding Changes in DSM–5: Autism Spectrum DisorderCauses of Autism Spectrum DisorderBrain Contributions to Autism Spectrum DisorderAbility to Systemize in AutismSpecial TalentsTreatment for Autism Spectrum DisorderAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning DisordersADHDPrevalence and Characteristics of ADHDCauses of ADHDLENS: Do Adults With ADHD Have a Different Disorder From That Seen in Children?Treatment for ADHDLearning DisabilitiesIntellectual Developmental DisorderCharacteristics of Intellectual Developmental DisorderLevels of FunctioningCauses of Intellectual Developmental DisorderIDD Related to ChromosomesIDD Related to MetabolismIDD Related to GestationTreatment for Intellectual Development DisorderSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge

      8 Chapter 6 • Mood Disorders and SuicideIntroducing Mood DisordersCultural LENS: Mood Disorders Around the WorldMajor Depressive DisorderCharacteristics and Symptoms of Major Depressive DisorderUnderstanding Changes in DSM–5—Grief ExceptionCauses of DepressionDevelopmental Aspects of DepressionCognitive Model of DepressionAre Depression and Inflammation Related?Evidence That Depression Runs in FamiliesThe Evolutionary Perspective Concerning DepressionResource ConservationLENS: Everyday Social Behavior During a Major Depressive EpisodeSocial CompetitionSocial Risk HypothesisTreatment for DepressionBiological and Neuroscience Treatments for DepressionMedications for DepressionElectroconvulsive TherapyVagal Nerve StimulationTranscranial Magnetic StimulationDeep Brain StimulationPsychological Treatments for DepressionCognitive TherapyEmotion-Focused TherapyPsychodynamic TherapyEfforts to Prevent DepressionBipolar DisorderTypes and Characteristics of Bipolar DisorderDiagnosis of Bipolar DisorderBipolar I DisorderBipolar II DisorderCyclothymic DisorderPrevalence of Bipolar DisorderCauses of Bipolar DisorderGenetics of Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder and CreativityBrain Imaging and Bipolar DisorderNeurotransmitter DysregulationEnvironmental FactorsTreatment for Bipolar DisorderPsychological Treatments for Bipolar DisorderMedications for Bipolar DisorderSuicideCultural and Gender Differences in SuicideSuicide Underreporting and Methods Used in Suicide AttemptsEndophenotypes and SuicideLong-Term and Short-Term Factors Related to SuicideSuicide in the MilitaryLENS: Suicide Among College StudentsPreventing SuicideSummaryStudy ResourcesReview QuestionsFor Further ReadingKey Terms and ConceptsSAGE edge

      9 Chapter 7 • Stress, Trauma, and PsychopathologyPsychological Stress and PsychopathologyDoes Trauma Produce Mental Illness?The Physiological Mechanisms Related