Solar Water Heating--Revised & Expanded Edition. Bob Ramlow

the washing machine and the dishwasher. Upgrading these appliances to more energy-efficient models will significantly reduce the amount of energy consumed. A frontloading washing machine uses half the hot water of a standard top-loading model. This results in saving 10 to 20 gallons of hot water in each load you do. You can save thousands of gallons of hot water a year.

      Finally, you can conserve energy by simply using less. Former US Vice President Dick Cheney is famously quoted as saying that the “American way of life is non-negotiable.” We couldn’t disagree more. Simple behavior modifications can dramatically reduce the amount of energy we consume without a significant change in daily habits. For instance, when washing dishes in the sink by hand, don’t let the water run while rinsing. Fill one sink with wash water and the other with rinse water. Soak pots and pans instead of letting the water run while you scrape them clean, and if you are using a dishwasher, wash only full loads. Use cold water with the garbage disposal. Cold water solidifies grease, allowing the disposal to get rid of it more effectively. You can take short showers instead of baths. You should first install a low-flow shower head. Most standard showerheads use three to four gallons per minute. Even if you take a relatively brief five-minute shower, you can consume 20 gallons of hot water. Low-flow showerheads will use half of that. A family of four can save well over 1,000 gallons a month. If you are particularly attached to your showerhead, you can install a flow restrictor that will reduce the number of gallons per minute that it uses. For only a couple of dollars, you can reduce your load substantially.

      Reducing losses, increasing efficiency and reducing consumption: these are the first steps. More important than quick fixes, though, is the notion of conscious consumption. We have forgotten the financial and environmental costs of hot water. If everyone recognized that whenever we turn on the hot water faucet we are using energy produced by nonrenewable sources, this would reduce energy consumption more than any other measure.

      People often say to us, “I have done a lot of energy conservation and now I am ready to invest in a renewable energy system. What should I do next?”

      Today, homeowners and business people can choose from a wide range of renewable energy technologies. Popular options include photovoltaic (solar electric) systems, wind electric systems and solar water heaters. In almost every case, a solar water heating system is the best place to start. It provides a higher return on your investment than most other types of renewable energy systems. A solar water heater works 12 months a year, providing hot water to your home or business with little or no additional cost, thus offsetting your previous bill for heating water with conventional energy sources. Depending on your particular situation, the savings in conventional fuel can pay for the cost of the solar water heating system in as little as three years. Most often the payback is five to ten years — still a great investment, even without taking into account the ecological benefits of not burning all that fossil fuel.

      In fact, since you’ve already bought this book, it’s time to let you in on a little secret. Solar water heaters don’t cost anything. They’re FREE! Of course, it may sound absurd, but it’s true. Now, we’re not recommending that you run over to the nearest solar distributor and just take a system. Don’t do that. We are just asking you to take a step back and think about solar in a different way. With a little change in perspective, you will see that in the end, solar water heaters have a net cost of zero dollars.

      There are two ways to take this in. The first one is easy: when you install a solar water heater you are increasing your home’s value. You gain in equity what you spent on the cost of installation. Many solar water heaters have a life span of 30 to 40 years, and sometimes longer. In most cases, the solar collectors will outlast your roof. So if you decide to sell your home, you should get back most of what you paid for the cost of installation. Though there isn’t a lot of data on this fact, the general rule we have seen is that for every $100 in annual energy savings you can expect an additional $2,000 in resale value of the property. For instance, if your solar water heater saves you $200 a year, your fair market value should increase by $4,000. Here in Wisconsin, and in many other states, renewable energy systems are exempt from property taxes. Like any other home improvement, this is an investment, but the added value doesn’t carry an additional annual cost.

      Yet, just because something retains its value over time and you don’t have to pay taxes isn’t usually reason enough to go out and buy it. The second part of this shift in perspective takes a bit more explanation, but we assure you it is even more convincing.

The True Cost of Fossil Fuel

      We’ll start by comparing solar with the alternatives. Unless you are reading this to find out how to fix your existing system, you probably heat your water with some type of fossil fuel, such as natural gas, propane or electricity.

      When you purchase fossil fuels, you do not pay anywhere near their whole cost. Because our taxes subsidize the oil companies, for instance, the true cost of gas is not reflected in the price we pay at the pump. Let us say it again: oil companies don’t pay taxes on all the money they earn, so we must all pay higher taxes to make up for it. It goes without saying that if they paid their fair share of taxes, our tax rates would be lower, and the price we pay for gas would be higher. The same scenario holds true for all other fossil fuels and electricity.

      How can this be? First, the fossil fuel companies are among the richest corporations in the world, with tremendous influence in politics. For nearly a century they have manipulated the government into granting them numerous tax breaks and outright payments that are not enjoyed by any other class of corporation. The end result is that they pay little if any tax but significantly influence how our tax dollars are spent. They have managed to get the government to pay for lots of expensive research for their industry.

      The costs to the environment of using fossil fuels are also hidden. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon into the atmosphere, leading to global climate changes that will disrupt life as we know it on every corner of the Earth. The costs of dealing with these changes will be astronomical and are directly linked to burning fossil fuels. When we burn fossil fuels, especially coal, we release into the atmosphere chemicals that cause acid rain, polluting our rivers, lakes and soil. Acid rain kills wildlife, trees and vegetation and degrades our buildings, roads and anything else exposed to it. Although we are already paying some of the costs to fix these problems, we are not paying them all. Eventually, someone will have to pay them.

      Then there are health-related costs. Whenever we burn any fossil fuel, we release air pollutants that harm our health. Our health insurance costs go up to help pay for the care required by those most affected. Our taxes are increased to help pay for those who cannot afford their own care, and our general health care costs go up for the same reason. Again, we do not pay these costs at the pump or with our utility bills.

      Some of our electricity is generated in nuclear power plants. The waste generated by these plants is one of the most toxic substances known to humanity. We have no clue how to safely dispose of it. We can send people to the moon, but we have not figured out how to deal with these incredibly toxic waste products. Undoubtedly, if we do figure out a way to safely dispose of them, it will be incredibly expensive. This cost is not included when we pay our electricity bill. We also invite you homeowners and renters to read the fine print of your insurance policies. Note that if there is ever an accident involving nuclear fuel or waste, your insurance policy does not cover that. Ask the people living around the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, whose lives were devastated by the nuclear accident there, how they feel. We will guarantee you that they are not happy. Many lost everything.

      Assigning a true cost to the use of fossil fuels relates directly to solar water heaters and any other renewable energy system. Admittedly, it costs money to invest in renewable energy equipment. Often, people will look at that cost and say that it is just too much more than using fossil fuels. When you get to this point, please remember the above discussion. How much higher should the costs of fossil fuels really be? Twice as expensive? Three times? Four times? Experts who have spent considerable time researching this issue have calculated that these costs are five times more than the bill we pay at the pump or meter.

      While these true costs are not reflected