The Global Residence & Citizenship Handbook. Christian H. Kälin

Apart from these three countries, there are several others which have similar provisions in their laws to allow the granting of citizenship to substantial investors.³⁰ However, there is no established and clear practice in these countries; the processes involved are not transparent, the conditions not clear and the decisions rare and mostly arbitrary.³¹ Also, in many countries there are suspicions that a substantial element of corruption is involved in the citizenship acquisitions. Therefore if the intention is to acquire citizenship based on investment extreme care has to be exercised. In fact, in most cases it is not advisable unless a real, substantial investment is contemplated in the particular target country in any case.

Some countries also have provisions to grant non-citizens passports³² or honorary citizenships³³ which are legal but largely useless as no full citizenship status is acquired and thus the documents are often not recognized by other countries. Furthermore, as no citizen status is acquired, there is generally no protection and the documents can be revoked anytime just like residence permits, therefore not giving the kind of protection that is desirable when acquiring an alternative citizenship and passport.

      Caveat emptor

With regard to the acquisition of alternative citizenship, it is important to always obtain proper advice from reputable legal advisors, and to check the citizenship laws and procedures as published by the country’s government. This is particularly relevant if citizenship is sought on the basis of an investment or other direct contribution to a country. Unfortunately there are many illegal activities in this “field” and it is safe to assume that most offers are fraudulent. What makes matters worse, sometimes even seemingly reputable professionals have been found to offer what turned out to be fraudulent offers. For example, between November 2010 and May 2011 a Canadian immigration lawyer and a private client lawyer based in Switzerland simultaneously offered citizenship in Iceland for a US$ 400,000 investment in some private equity fund. Iceland’s citizenship law requires the passing of a parliamentary bill in order to grant citizenship to a foreigner outside the normal naturalization procedures. A simple check of the citizenship act would have revealed this, yet the “marketing” activities of these lawyers made it necessary for the Icelandic Government to publish an unequivocal statement. The government statement underlined that Iceland has never had in the past and has no intention to establish any kind of Citizenship-by-Investment program.³⁴

      2.4 Criteria to Consider when Acquiring Citizenship

      The most important criterion when acquiring alternative citizenship is that the acquisition is in accordance with the constitution and laws of the issuing country, i.e. that it is legal. Unfortunately, this seemingly obvious premise needs to be pointed out specifically in this context.

Citizenship documents and passports obtained by illegal means such as bribery are sadly not uncommon. In many countries it is possible to make (illegal) direct payments to corrupt government officials in return for passports and citizenship documents. Holders of such documents run a serious risk of exposure, arrest and deportation. Even in those countries where the law gives the President, Prime Minister or other government ministers relative discretion regarding the granting of citizenship, if any payments are involved, these are bribes – a crime in practically every country. Often the result is a revocation of previously granted citizenship and passports, for example after a change of government. Persons who have acquired documents this way are also frequently blackmailed and forced to pay further “fees” later on.³⁵ It is therefore crucial that citizenship is obtained based upon specific provisions in the law and clear, official procedures.

      A related criterion is that the granting of citizenship and the passports issued in conjunction therewith have to be recognized by other countries. If full citizenship has been granted based on the legal provisions of a country, it will normally be recognized by other countries. However if only partial citizenship is granted, generally this is not a full-fledged option. One example is Panama where a (legal) non-citizens passport under the retiree residence program can be acquired.

      Other important points to consider when intending to become a citizen of choice include the geographic location of the chosen country, the official language, political and economic stability, the legal system, the banking and business environment, visa-free travel possibilities for passport holders of that country, the reputation of the country and the passport, and of course initial and future overall costs.

      You will also need to consider restrictions on dual citizenship. Some countries do not allow you to hold any other citizenship besides theirs. About half of the world’s countries allow dual nationality, and the other half does not allow you to be a citizen of another country at the same time. Among those countries which do not allow dual nationality, various degrees of strictness can be observed, but often the acquisition of another citizenship without first obtaining a formal permission (which may or may not be obtainable) leads to the automatic loss of one’s current citizenship. Therefore, one needs to carefully check the legal situation in the home country with regard to dual citizenship, prior to taking any steps to acquire another citizenship.

The following is an overview of citizenship regulations in selected countries.³⁶

      Among others, the following countries allow the acquisition of another citizenship:

Austria37	Australia
Bangladesh	Barbados
Belgium	Belize
Brazil	Canada
Colombia	Cyprus
Dominica	Dominican Republic
Egypt38	El Salvador
Finland	France
Germany39	Greece
Grenada	Hungary
Iceland	Iran
Iraq	Ireland
Israel	Italy
Jordan	Latvia
Lebanon	Lithuania
Macedonia	Malta
Mexico	Montenegro
New Zealand	Pakistan40
Philippines	Russia
Serbia	Spain41
Sri Lanka	St. Lucia
St. Kitts and Nevis	Sweden
Switzerland	Syria
United Kingdom	United States of America
Vietnam	Western Samoa

      On the other hand, countries which do not allow the acquisition of another citizenship include the following:

Azerbaijan	Brunei
Chile	China
Czech Republic42	Denmark
Ecuador	Fiji
India43	Indonesia
Japan	Kazakhstan
Kenya	Kiribati
Kuwait	Malaysia
Mauritius	Myanmar
Nepal	Norway
Papua New Guinea	Peru
Poland	Portugal
Romania	South Africa44
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