Nicaraguan Gringa. John Keith

      

      Nicaraguan Gringa

      Claiming a Home

      John M. Keith

      NEWSOUTH BOOKS

      Montgomery

      Also by John M. Keith

      Complete Humanity in Jesus: A Theological Memoir

      True Divinity in Christ: A Testimony of Faith

      and Hope with Four Short Stories

      Canebrake Beach: A Novella and Four Short Stories

      NewSouth Books

      105 S. Court Street

      Montgomery, AL 36104

      Copyright © 2014 by John M. Keith. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by NewSouth Books, a division of NewSouth, Inc., Montgomery, Alabama.

      ISBN: 9781603063593

      eBook ISBN: 9781603063609

      Library of Congress Control Number: 2014013957

      Visit www.newsouthbooks.com

      For the members of

      St. Francis Episcopal Church

      and

      The Union Church

      Managua, Nicaragua

      1966–71

      Contents

       Author’s Notes

       Tuesday, August 26, 1980

       Tyranny and Colonialism: 1964–72

       Earthquake and Revolution: 1972–1979

       Socialism and Opposition

       Expropriation and Rebirth: 1980–1981

       Acknowledgments

       About the Author

      Author’s Notes

      Although real political figures in both Nicaragua and the United States are mentioned in the novel, all of the characters that actually speak and appear in the narrative are fictional. Places that are mentioned in the novel pose a more complicated mixture of real locations and imagined settings. Quinta Louisa, the coffee factory, and the village are all fictional. Although the names of actual barrios in Managua are used, the descriptions of them may be somewhat fanciful composites of several areas of the city.

      The time-line that follows these notes offers a context for the larger national and international events within which the story is set. Some of these events are noted in the narrative so that the reader is reminded of the historical time and situation. Other events are included in the time-line as a general historical background.

      Italics are used to indicate the dialogue in Spanish, and regular type is used when English is being spoken. On occasions the actual Spanish word or phrase is printed when no English translation seems adequate for its meaning at that point in the story. In conversations where English predominates but a Spanish word is “thrown in,” the actual Spanish word is printed in the text followed by its translation in parenthesis. Bilingual characters often use “Spanglish,” a mixture of the languages within a single sentence or phrase. A suggestion of the syntax and rhetoric of the Spanish conversation is attempted in the English italicized translation, such as the omission of contractions and possessive nouns, although a strict word-for-word translation would render the dialogue too stilted. Italics are also used on occasion in the usual manner for emphasis.

      In all these matters the reader’s discernment and judgment will be needed.

      Time Line

      of Nicaraguan Events

      1912–37 U.S. Marines intermittently occupy Nicaragua.

      1934 Augusto César Sandino assassinated.

      1936 Anastasio Somoza “Tacho” García takes control of the country with complicity of U.S. Marines

      1937-56 Somoza elected president in 1937, serving effectively as dictator until his death in 1956. His sons, Luis Somoza Debayle and Anastasio Somoza “Tachito” Debayle, follow him as presidents/dictators.

      1961 National Liberation Front is founded at the University of León by Carlo Fonseca, Silvio Mayorga, and Tomás Borge.

      1962 National Liberation Front name is changed to Frente Sandinista Liberación (FSLN).

      1967 January 22: A coup is attempted in Managua.

      April 13: Luis Somoza dies of a heart attack.

      August 27: Silvio Mayorga is assassinated in Matagalpa.

      1968 October 23: Volcano Cerro Negro begins erupting near León.

      1972 December 23: Managua is destroyed by an earthquake.

      1973 President Anastasio Somoza embezzles money from relief funds provided by the United States. It is later revealed that he controls 40 percent of the economy.

      1974 U.S. Marines are again sent to support Somoza’s regime.

      November 8: Carlos Fonseca dies in combat in the mountains.

      1978 April 30: Pedro Joaquín Chamorro, editor of La Prensa, is assassinated.

      1979 FSLN intensifies the uprising against Somoza.

      July 17: Anastasio Somoza flees Nicaragua.

      July 19: Commandante Cero (Edén Pastora) leads FSLN troops into Managua, and the city falls to the Sandinistas.

      1980 March 24: Archbishop Oscar Romero is assassinated in El Savador.

      September 17: Anastasio Somoza is assassinated in Paraguay.

      1981 Ronald Reagan is inaugurated President of U.S.A.

      1982 Boland Amendment in U.S. Congress prohibits U.S. funds to be used for overthrow of Nicaraguan government.

      1983 “Iran Contra Affair”: U. S. funds go to Nicaraguan opposition fighters via sale of ballistic missiles to Iran with payments diverted to Nicaraguan Contras. Civil war in Nicaragua is estimated to have killed 60,000 people at a cost of 178 billion dollars.

      1984 Daniel Ortega (FSLN candidate) is elected President of Nicaragua. Ronald Reagan imposes an embargo on Nicaragua.

      1985 “Iran Contra Affair” is exposed publicly.

      1986 Daniel Ortega goes to Soviet Union seeking funds.

      1987 Hurricane Hugo devastates Nicaragua.

      1990 Violeta Chamorro, widow of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro, is elected President of Nicaragua.

      1991 Coalition government (National Opposition Union) cuts social programs (health, education, etc.) and land reform.

      1997 Armando Alemán is elected Presidents of Nicaragua representing the Constitutionalist Nationalist Party.

      2007 Daniel Ortega is again elected President. Sandinistas control government once more.

      2012 April 30: Tomás Borge, last surviving founder of FSLN, dies.

      Tuesday, August 26, 1980