Hellenica. Xenophon

proposition, and the resolution was passed to accept the peace. After that, Lysander sailed into the Piraeus, and the exiles were readmitted. And so they fell to levelling the fortifications and walls with much enthusiasm, to the accompaniment of female flute-players, deeming that day the beginning of liberty to Greece.

      Thus the year drew to its close (8)—during its middle months took place the accession of Dionysius, the son of Hermocrates the Syracusan, to the tyranny of Syracuse; an incident itself preceded by a victory gained over the Carthaginians by the Syracusans; the reduction of Agrigentum through famine by the Carthaginians themselves; and the exodus of the Sicilian Greeks from that city.

      (8) For the puzzling chronology of this paragraph see Grote, "Hist. of

       Greece," vol. x. p 619 (2d ed.) If genuine, the words may perhaps

       have slipt out of their natural place in chapter i. above, in

       front of the words "in the following year Lysander arrived," etc.

       L. Dindorf brackets them as spurious. Xen., "Hist. Gr." ed.

       tertia, Lipsiae, MDCCCLXXII. For the incidents referred to see

       above; Grote, "Hist. of Greece," vol. x. pp. 582, 598 (2d ed.)

      III

      B.C. 404. In the following year (1) the people passed a resolution to choose thirty men who were to draft a constitution based on the ancestral laws of the State. The following were chosen to act on this committee:—Polychares, Critias, Melobius, Hippolochus, Eucleides, Hiero, Mnesilochus, Chremo, Theramenes, Aresias, Diocles, Phaedrias, Chaereleos, Anaetius, Piso, Sophocles, Erastosthenes, Charicles, Onomacles, Theognis, Aeschines, Theogones, Cleomedes, Erasistratus, Pheido, Dracontides, Eumathes, Aristoteles, Hippomachus, Mnesitheides. After these transactions, Lysander set sail for Samos; and Agis withdrew the land force from Deceleia and disbanded the troops, dismissing the contingents to their several cities.

      (1) The MSS. here add "it was that year of the Olympiad cycle in which

       Crocinas, a Thessalian, won the Stadium; when Endius was ephor at

       Sparta, and Pythodorus archon at Athens, though the Athenians

       indeed do not call the year by that archon's name, since he was

       elected during the oligarchy, but prefer to speak of the year of

       'anarchy'; the aforesaid oligarchy originated thus,"—which,

       though correct, probably was not written by Xenophon. The year of

       anarchy might perhaps be better rendered "the year without

       archons."

      In was at this date, about the time of the solar eclipse, (2) that Lycophron of Pherae, who was ambitious of ruling over the whole of Thessaly, defeated those sections of the Thessalians who opposed him, such as the men of Larissa and others, and slew many of them. It was also about this date that Dionysius, now tyrant of Syracuse, was defeated by the Carthaginians and lost Gela and Camarina. And again, a little later, the men of Leontini, who previously had been amalgamated with the Syracusans, separated themselves from Syracuse and Dionysius, and asserted their independence, and returned to their native city. Another incident of this period was the sudden despatch and introduction of Syracusan horse into Catana by Dionysius.

      (2) This took place on 2d September B.C. 404.

      Now the Samians, though besieged by Lysander on all sides, were at first unwilling to come to terms. But at the last moment, when Lysander was on the point of assaulting the town, they accepted the terms, which allowed every free man to leave the island, but not to carry away any part of his property, except the clothes on his back. On these conditions they marched out. The city and all it contained was then delivered over to its ancient citizens by Lysander, who finally appointed ten governors to garrison the island. (3) After which, he disbanded the allied fleet, dismissing them to their respective cities, while he himself, with the Lacedaemonian squadron, set sail for Laconia, bringing with him the prows of the conquered vessels and the whole navy of Piraeus, with the exception of twelve ships. He also brought the crowns which he had received from the cities as private gifts, and a sum of four hundred and seventy talents (4) in silver (the surplus of the tribute money which Cyrus had assigned to him for the prosecution of the war), besides other property, the fruit of his military exploits. All these things Lysander delivered to the Lacedaemonians in the latter end of summer. (5)

      (3) A council of ten, or "decarchy." See Grote, "H. G." viii. 323 (1st

       ed.)

       (4) About 112,800 pounds.

       (5) The MSS. add "a summer, the close of which coincided with the

       termination of a war which had lasted twenty-eight and a half

       years, as the list of annual ephors, appended in order, serves to

       show. Aenesias is the first name. The war began during his

       ephorate, in the fifteenth year of the thirty years' truce after

       the capture of Euboea. His successors were Brasidas, Isanor,

       Sostratidas, Exarchus, Agesistratus, Angenidas, Onomacles,

       Zeuxippus, Pityas, Pleistolas, Cleinomachus, Harchus, Leon,

       Chaerilas, Patesiadas, Cleosthenes, Lycarius, Eperatus,

       Onomantius, Alexippidas, Misgolaidas, Isias, Aracus, Euarchippus,

       Pantacles, Pityas, Archytas, and lastly, Endius, during whose year

       of office Lysander sailed home in triumph, after performing the

       exploits above recorded,"—the interpolation, probably, of some

       editor or copyist, the words "twenty-eight and a half" being

       probably a mistake on his part for "twenty-seven and a half." Cf.

       Thuc. v. 26; also Buchsenschutz, Einleitung, p. 8 of his school

       edition of the "Hellenica."

      The Thirty had been chosen almost immediately after the long walls and the fortifications round Piraeus had been razed. They were chosen for the express purpose of compiling a code of laws for the future constitution of the State. The laws were always on the point of being published, yet they were never forthcoming; and the thirty compilers contented themselves meanwhile with appointing a senate and the other magistracies as suited their fancy best. That done, they turned their attention, in the first instance, to such persons as were well known to have made their living as informers (6) under the democracy, and to be thorns in the side of all respectable people. These they laid hold on and prosecuted on the capital charge. The new senate gladly recorded its vote of condemnation against them; and the rest of the world, conscious of bearing no resemblance to them, seemed scarcely vexed. But the Thirty did not stop there. Presently they began to deliberate by what means they could get the city under their absolute control, in order that they might work their will upon it. Here again they proceeded tentatively; in the first instance, they sent (two of their number), Aeschines and Aristoteles, to Lacedaemon, and persuaded Lysander to support them in getting a Lacedaemonian garrison despatched to Athens. They only needed it until they had got the "malignants" out of the way, and had established the constitution; and they would undertake to maintain these troops at their own cost. Lysander was not deaf to their persuasions, and by his co-operation their request was granted. A bodyguard, with Callibius as governor, was sent.

      (6) Lit. "by sycophancy," i.e. calumnious accusation—the sycophant's

       trade. For a description of this pest of Athenian life cf. "Dem."

       in Arist. 1, S. 52; quoted in Jebb, "Attic Orators," chap. xxix.

       14; cf. Aristoph. "Ach." 904; Xen. "Mem." II. ix. 1.

      And now that they had got the garrison, they fell to flattering Callibius with all servile flattery, in order that he might give countenance to their doings. Thus they prevailed on him to allow some of the guards, whom they selected, to accompany them, while they proceeded to lay hands on whom they would; no longer confining themselves to base folk and people of no account, but boldly laying hands on those