Internet Addiction. Juan Moisés De La Serna

now have to enter this world, sometimes confused and others disconcerting, but in any case useful and necessary.

      As previously it was requested for some jobs to have a driver’s license and a minimum level of education, it is now necessary for candidates to have adequate skills in the use of computers and social networks.

      As a result of these new tools, new jobs have arisen that were inconceivable a few years ago, such as Community Manager, responsible for virtual forums and communities, or the more technical ones in charge of promoting websites, such as SEO consultants. And S.E.M., which seek to achieve greater visibility in the networks of a given brand or company.

      Young people have been incorporating the tools offered by this new technology into their lives, both academic and leisure, so that there are now many universities that partially or totally teach online, being able to connect from any fixed or mobile device, such as tablets, iPads, or smartphones.

      The teachers have a double function: to organize and record the classes to be taught and to provide virtual tutoring to resolve any doubts that may have arisen from them.

      This has enabled to open the doors of universities to students from all over the world, with the only requirement that they have the necessary language skills to follow the classes, and of course, a device with an Internet connection.

      For this reason, the only thing that could not be resolved was when the exams were taken, which are required to be in person, either at the university itself or at a private school in the student’s country. So that the student who takes the test has an adequate knowledge of the test’s subject.

      One way of guaranteeing the level of training achieved by the student, since otherwise, with the non-attendance exams, it is possible that someone else may answer it, without the student being the student.

      In my particular case, after several years of teaching face-to-face in different universities, I had to take a training course in order to continue my teaching work, but this time through the Internet, for which I had to adapt the technological tools that I used to use to the new demands, including the familiarization of training platforms such as Moodle, or the employment of videoconferencing programs to teach online, which allowed me to give classes in Spain, both on the Peninsula and on the Islands, while they were followed from Latin America.

      But there are risks of the Internet that emerge when youth leisure becomes almost exclusive in the intensive use of this technology, losing social contact and sometimes, with reality itself.

      Many studies are being carried out in this respect, because of this new modality, where new cases of cyber addicts are detected every day, that is, people who are unable to disconnect from the network, facilitating social isolation, and the lack of mental and personal hygiene, also associated with inadequate food, but can we predict the future addiction to the Internet?

      This is what we have tried to answer with a research carried out jointly by the Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and the Hsiao-Kang Municipal Hospital (Taiwan), the results of which have been published in the scientific journal J.A.M.A. Pediatrics.

      Two thousand two hundred and ninety-three young people took part in the study and were followed for two years, being evaluated at 6, 12 and 24 months.

      All of them were tested for addiction using the standardized C.I.A.S. scale. (Chen Internet Addiction Scale); levels of depression using the Chinese version of the C.E.S.D. scale (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression); attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as assessed by the A.D.H.D.S. scale. (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-rated Scale); social phobia using the F.N.E. scale. (Fear of Negative Evaluation); and the hostility of the participants through the B.D.H.I.C.-S.F. (Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory-Chinese Version-Short Form).

      The results report that those young men who had high levels of aggression showed higher levels of addiction after the age of 2, becoming the best predictor of this psychopathology.

      In contrast, the adolescents who took part in the study showed that the best prognostic of future addiction is related to suffering from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

      In both boys and girls, previous levels of social phobia and depression were not relevant for predicting future technology addiction.

      The study also provides “revealing” information in that, in just two years, more than 10% of the participants were affected by Internet addiction and being insignificant the difference in the number of cases between male and female “addicts”.

      It is necessary to make studies in order to be able to create specific programs to prevent it, with special emphasis on education, as a decisive factor of self-regulation in the handling of new technologies, that is, with a correct education, it would be expected that the young will be able to use technology properly and not overuse it.

      Although the phenomenon of Internet Addiction is recent, it has been evolving quickly, so the first addicts to video games or the Internet, spent hours and hours without leaving their rooms, unable to disconnect from role-playing games or any other video game to score more points and increase the ranking, as if that was the most important thing of all.

      From these first cases, the term “hikikikomori” syndrome appeared, originally identified in Japan during the 1980s and 1990s.

      Young people who suffered from it, turned their backs on society and refused to interact with others, except through computers, which sometimes resulted in poor nutrition and even the abandonment of personal hygiene.

      An example of this has been observed to a greater or lesser extent all over the world, where the computer screen becomes the “reality” of the young, where nothing beyond the four walls of his room exists.

      Nowadays, thanks to mobile devices such as tablets, iPads or Smartphones, you no longer need to stay at home to be connected to the Internet.

      In addition, the emergence of social networks has increased the possibilities of communication, beyond video games or chat a few years ago, which has resulted in an increase in the number of cases of Internet addiction, but what is the percentage of addicts to Facebook?

      This is precisely what the Department of Information System and the Department of Fundamentals of Education and Social Sciences, Faculty of Education, Malaysian University of Technology (Malaysia), together with the Department of Computer and Information Technology, Islamic Azad University (Iran), have tried to answer, the results of which have been published in the International Journal of Information and Education Technology.

      The study included 441 university students, with an estimated average age of 24, of whom 49% were women.

      All were tested using the standardized scale to determine the level of addiction to Facebook called B.F.A.S. (Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale); the level of control locus was also assessed using the L.O.C. (Locus of Control); and the one of personal selfishness through the Ego Strength Scale.

      The results report that young people showed very high levels of addiction to Facebook, reaching 47% of them, which means that almost half of the Facebook users were addicted to this social network.

      These data are maintained despite the origin (Malay or non-Malay), the religion they practised (Muslim, Christian, Buddhist…) and even the gender of the participants.

      One of the limitations of the study is that the selection of the participants was made among those who habitually used social networks, that is, the results reflect that among the habitual users we can find these high levels of addiction, but it doesn’t say anything about those young people who don’t use social networks so often.

      It should be considered that the study was only carried out with university students, and the results could not be extended to the rest of the population, or even to young people, since they may be influenced by such outstanding variables as the socioeconomic level or the culture of Facebook users, aspects that are not analyzed in this study.