Грамматика для написания научных статей. Ольга Мельник

in the exhibition.

      Home assignment: Academic Vocabulary in Use Units 4, 5.

      Lesson 5. Prepositions and phrasal verbs

      Prepositions – which include all those little words such as in, on, ca, for, and by – are difficult words for language learners since they do not appear to operate according to a clear set of rules. They are often used idiomatically with verbs and adjectives, and a preposition used with a verb can even change the meaning of the verb. Since there are many hundreds of prepositional phrases you should keep a preposition notebook or a section in a notebook and each time you come across a new usage, make a note of it.

      Prepositions of Location

      1. Prepositions can be used to describe how one thing is located in relation to another.

      on the table, at the table, next to the table, under the table.

      2. Another important use of propositions is to show where something is located in a space. Look at the diagram below to see how prepositions are used to describe location on a page.

      in the comer

      at the top/bottom

      in the center/middle

      on the side

      a = in the upper left corner

      b = at the top of the page

      c = іn the upper right comer

      d = on the left hand side of the page

      e = in the center/middle of the page

      f = on the right hand side of the page

      g = in the lower left corner

      h = at the bottom of the page

      і = іn the lower right corner

      3. Note the following common uses of at to describe a location.

      at home, at school, at work, at a party, at the post office

      4. Note the following common uses of on to describe a location.

      on the fifth floor, on a farm, on a bicycle, on a train

      5. Note the following common uses of in to describe a location.

      in bed, in jail, in a picture, in a mirror, in one's hand, in the water, in the newspaper, in the front row, in a car, in a taxi

      6. The prepositions at, on, and in are also used to describe someone’s address.

      at + specific address (He lives at 950 Collins Si reel, Tacoma.)

      on + a street (He lives on Collins Street.)

      in + a city, state, and country (He lives in Tacoma/in Washington/ in the United States.)

      Prepositions of Time

      The prepositions at, on, and in are also used to indicate time and are frequently confused.

      1. The preposition at is used with a specific time of the day.

      He got up at 6 o'clock.

      2. The preposition on is used with days of the week and dales.

      John Fitzgerald Kennedy was assassinated оn November 22, 1963.

      The preposition in is used with parts of the day, months, seasons, years, a time in the future.

      Madame Curie won her second Nobel Prize in 1911.

      The scientists will be presenting their report in a week.

      You can say in the morning, but if you state the specific day of the week, you must use the preposition on ~ on Saturday morning.

      Another exception is the use of at with night – at night.

      Note you say get into and out of a car or a taxi, but get on and off a bus or train.

      Note that the following expressions of place and direction using the noun home include no prepositions: to go home, to arrive home, to be/stay home.

      Task 1. Insert an appropriate preposition in the following sentences.

      1. She is living _______ Denver, Colorado.

      2. Her parents live _____ the same street.

      3. Her brother lives ____ 356 Clinton Street.

      4. He knocked the glass __ the table and it smashed on the the floor.

      5. It often rains __ the afternoon.

      6. It often rains ___ night.

      7. She got ___ the bus ___ the library.

      8. They signed the document ___ the lower right-hand corner.

      9. _________ Thursday, he sat _his desk and put his papers ___a drawer.

      10. He wrote his name ___ the top of a sheet of paper ___his desk.

      Task 2. Use these words or groups of words to complete this page. The first or the last letter is given.

      Tricky Prepositions

      1. Since indicates a point in lime at which something started. For indicates I he length of a period of time. During indicates that something occurred at some time within a period.

      I have lived in New York since 1994.

      I lived in St. Louis for ten years.

      During the time I lived in St. Louis, I got married.

      2. Near indicates general proximity. Next to indicates more direct proximity. They live near each other. (They live a few blocks apart.)

      His house is next to mine. (They live in adjoining houses.)

      3. Between indicates a position relative to two markers. Among indicates a position relative to more than two.

      The file cabinet is between the computer and the fox machine.

      The document is among my papers somewhere.

      4. By is used with a point in time, a deadline; it is the equivalent of no later than.

      Until is used with a point in time also; it indicates the end point of an action.

      We have to register by August 28.

      She was reading until midnight.

      Task 3. Write four questions to ask classmates that force them to answer by using one of each of the sets of "tricky prepositions" in item D.

      Example: How long have you been studying English?

      Answer: I've been studying English for twelve years.

      Prepositions Following Verbs and Adjectives

      1. Certain verbs are frequently followed by prepositions. Here are some common combinations.

      2. Some verbs are followed by a direct object and a preposition. Add to ibis list whenever you can.

      blame someone for something congratulate someone on something explain something to someone protect someone from something thank someone for something

      throw something at someone (intending to hit the person)

      throw