The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction. Volume 12, No. 346, December 13, 1828. Various

languages besides, is pure Celtic, but little altered too, in its transit from one language to another. Ard, high or chief, Muir, the sea, and Fear, (in composition pronounced ar) a man, so that Ardmurar, or Admiral, signifies literally the Chief Seaman. There is nothing of torture in this derivation, as may be seen by referring to any Irish dictionary, and it is a curious fact, that the Irish seamen in the navy very generally call the Admiral "the Ardmurar." In Irish it is frequently written in two words, thus—Ard muirfhear.

      Beltin day.—The first of May is so called in many places in the North of England. It was a custom in the days of Druidism to light large fires on the tops of hills on the evening of the first of May, in honour of Bel or the Sun, and hence that day is still called in Irish, La Bheltine, or the day of Bel's fire, from La, a day, Bel, the god Bel, and teine, fire. The same ceremony was practised in Britain, being a Druidical rite, and the name (Beltin day) remains, although the custom from which it originated, has in England, at least, been long forgotten.

      Guthrie, in his "Geographical Grammar," tells us, that the English language is a compound of the Saxon, the French, and the Celtic. As far as this latter is concerned, the assertion appears to me to have been made without due consideration; I do not believe that there are twenty words of genuine Celtic in the English language; there are, it is true, a very few Irish words, which have become as it were, English denizens, and of these I have sent you a specimen above; but I do not believe it possible to increase their number to twenty, even in broad Scotch, in which dialect of the Saxon (from the neighbourhood of the Highlanders who use the Irish language) some Celtic words might be expected, but very few occur;2 there is, however, one very curious exception to this rule, and for which, I confess, I am unable to account, (though perhaps your correspondent, Rupert C. in No. 342, might,) it is this—that in Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, or Cant Language, if the words which are evidently figurative be thrown out, nearly the whole of what remain are pure Irish.

H.S.

      TURKISH CANNON

(For the Mirror.)

      The Turks use the largest cannon of any people in Europe. In our ships, and I believe in our batteries, we seldom use a heavier gun than a 32-pounder. No man-of-war carries a gun of a larger calibre; but the Turks make use of 800-pounders. Mahommed II. is stated to have used at the siege of Constantinople, in 1453, cannon of an immense calibre, and stone shot. When Sir J. Duckworth passed the Dardanelles to attack Constantinople, in 1807, his fleet was dreadfully shattered by the immense shot thrown from the batteries. The Royal George (of 110 guns) was nearly sunk by only one shot, which carried away her cut-water, and another cut the main-mast of the Windsor Castle nearly in two; a shot knocked two ports of the Thunderer into one; the Repulse (74) had her wheel shot away and twenty-four men killed and wounded by a single shot, nor was the ship saved but by the most wonderful exertions. The heaviest shot which struck our ships was of granite, and weighed 800 pounds, and was two feet two inches in diameter. One of these huge shots, to the astonishment of our tars, stove in the whole larboard bow of the Active; and having thus crushed this immense mass of timber, the shot rolled ponderously aft, and brought up abreast the main hatchway, the crew standing aghast at the singular spectacle. One of these guns was cast in brass in the reign of Amurath; it was composed of two parts, joined by a screw at the chamber, its breach resting against massy stone work; the difficulty of charging it would not allow of its being fired more than once; but, as a Pacha said, "that single discharge would destroy almost the whole fleet of an enemy." The Baron de Trott, to the great terror of the Turks, resolved to fire this gun. The shot weighed 1,100 pounds, and he loaded it with 330 pounds of powder: he says, "I felt a shock like an earthquake, at the distance of eight hundred fathoms. I saw the ball divide into three pieces, and these fragments of a rock crossed the Strait, and rebounded on the mountain."

W.G.C.

      AN ORIGINAL SCOTCH SONG FOR THE ANNIVERSARY OF ST. ANDREW'S DAY

(For the Mirror.)

      Air.—"The kail brose o' awld Scotland."

      Ye vintners a' your ingles3 mak clear,

      An brew us some punch our hearts a' to cheer,

      On November the thritie let's meet ilkie year

      To drink to the memory o' Andrew,

      To Andrew the auld Scottish saint.

      Peace was his word in the ha' or the fiel'4

      An his creed it was whalsome to those that were leal

      To mak' the road straight O' he was the cheel,

      Sae here's to the memory o' Andrew,

      To Andrew the auld Scottish saint.

      In days o' langsyne as auld chronicles tell,

      When clans wi' their dirks gaid to it pell mell,

      O he was sad' that a' fewds cou'd expel,

      Sae here's to the memory o' Andrew,

      To Andrew the auld Scottish saint.

      For since at the Spey when M'Duff led the van,

      He vow'd that the charrians5 he'd slay every one,

      But by Andrew's doctren he slew na a man,

      Sae here's to the memory o' Andrew,

      To Andrew the auld Scottish saint,

      When he to the Culdees the truth did explain

      They a' rubb'd their beard, an' looket right fain

      An' vow'd that his council they'd ever retain,

      Sae here's to the memory o' Andrew,

      To Andrew the auld Scottish saint.

      Altho' at fam'd Patres6 he closed his e'e,

      Yet Regulus, the monk, brought him far oure the sea,

      In St. Andrew's he sleeps, an' there let him be.

      Sae here's to the memory o' Andrew,

      To Andrew the auld Scottish saint.

C.

      ORIGIN OF THE WORD BANKRUPT

(For the Mirror.)

      This word is formed from the ancient Latin bancus a bench, or table, and ruptus, broken. Bank originally signified a bench, which the first bankers had in the public places, in markets, fairs, &c. on which they told their money, wrote their bills of exchange, &.c. Hence, when a banker failed, they broke his bank, to advertise the public that the person to whom the bank belonged was no longer in a condition to continue his business. As this practice was very frequent in Italy, it is said the term bankrupt is derived from the Italian banco rotto, broken bench. Cowel (in his 4th Institute 227) rather chooses to deduce the word from the French banque, table, and route, vestigium, trace, by metaphor from the sign left in the ground, of a table once fastened to it and now gone. On this principle he traces the origin of bankrupts from the ancient Roman mensarii or argentarii, who had their tabernae or mensae in certain public places; and who, when they fled, or made off with the money that had been entrusted to them, left only the sign or shadow of their former station behind them.

P.T.W.

      ORIGIN OF THE WORD BROKER, &c

(For the Mirror.)

      The origin of this word is contested; some derive it from the French broyer, "to grind;" others from brocader, to cavil or riggle; others deduce broker from a trader broken, and that from the Saxon broc, "misfortune," which is often the true reason of a man's breaking. In which view, a broker is a broken trader, by misfortune; and it is said that none but such were formerly admitted to that employment. The Jews, Armenians, and Banians are the

2

As Oe a grandson—Irish O or Ux byre, a cowhouse—Irish boyach (boi-theach.)

3

Fires.

4

Field.

5

See Buchanan's History of Scotland, book p. 186.

6

See Cook's Geography, book ii. p. 302.