The Bitcoin Big Bang. Kelly Brian

instincts honed by the sharp edges of financial markets or perhaps it was delusion, but I could feel the change. There is nothing like becoming a television expert to motivate your education. As an early Bitcoin “tourist,” I knew more than most, but eventually that was not enough. The further I climbed the “expert” ladder, the more I found myself grasping for a definition.

      Bitcoin is more than a medium of exchange; it is more than an emerging currency – and this technology has the revolutionary power of the personal computer and the Internet. I recoiled each time I read a dismissive article; they did not understand what I had seen … then again, neither did I. During this agonizing process, I stumbled on dozens of uses and a handful of interesting business ideas, but I found a simple definition elusive. Then, over an excruciating 48-hour period, I not only managed to annoy my wife, but also to distill Bitcoin to its four primary elements. Bitcoin was the fertile ground of a new currency; it was breathing new life into our antiquated payment systems; as smart money, it was creating new types of money flows; and it burned with the intensity of a social network.

      Mainstream economists have hesitated to define Bitcoin as a currency because its price is too volatile to be considered a store of value and you cannot pay your taxes with bitcoins. There is no doubt the volatility is a huge hurdle; however, the price swings have become less pronounced as the currency has gained acceptance. As for taxes, you cannot pay the U.S. Treasury in Japanese yen or euros, either, but they are considered currencies. At the heart of the tax payment argument is an implicit assumption that the U.S. government is the ultimate enforcer of IOUs or money. In the later chapters, we will dive into Bitcoin's built-in IOU enforcement – no middleman or government needed.

      Currencies Are a Matter of Trust

      The question I constantly get is why anyone would accept a bitcoin in the first place. My answer is that, just like any other currency, it is a matter of trust. One must believe that accepting this form of payment means they can use it elsewhere to purchase something they want or need. As long as you have a reasonable expectation that you will be able to convert a currency into a good or service, then “what” the currency is does not really matter. In primitive economic systems that used barter, currency did not exist, but people trusted that if they accepted a fur pelt, it could be used to obtain food and water.

      Indeed, there have been crazier things than bitcoin used as currency. A seashell, specifically wampum, was once the currency of the land, Native Americans trusted that wampum could obtain goods and services. Wampum was difficult to obtain, since it lived offshore in the deepest parts of the coastline. However, the most important reason wampum became a currency was trust. When European traders arrived in North America, they immediately recognized the importance of wampum to the Native Americans, and they began trading with the currency. In fact, wampum was legal tender in New England from 1637 to 1661.

      Wampum worked well as a currency as long as you were trading goods and services within Native America. However, outside of North America, wampum did not enjoy the same trust, and hence goods could not be purchased with the shells. Eventually, the British pound displaced the seashells, as traveling merchants needed the pound to obtain goods and services outside the wampum ecosystem. Those conducting business within the ecosystem were forced to convert their wampum into pounds, giving birth to the term shelling out.

      Another way to think of this matter of trust is through airline frequent flier miles. Some of us use these miles to purchase reward tickets while others use them to upgrade to business class; in either case, these miles are currency. I am willing to hold a balance of miles in my account because I trust that I will be able to use them to purchase a service, a plane ticket. However, I cannot spend my United Airlines miles outside the ecosystem to buy an American Airlines ticket. In this way, wampum and frequent flier miles are similar; they work as a currency only within an ecosystem.

      Much like Wampum and frequent flier miles, in the early days, bitcoin was closed ecosystem. As merchants began to accept bitcoin it took on the characteristics of a currency and more merchants meant a higher price for bitcoin. The value of bitcoin was joined with its growing user base. In fact, many emerging currencies exhibit similar trends – unless it is accepted, it has no value. The first digital currency I created was called the BKoin; it sleeps in my computer and is not accepted anywhere. I tried to send some to my wife, but she barely cracked a smile – it is a dead currency.

      Thinking of Bitcoin as a payment system is where most Bitcoin Evangelists have their aha moments. Unlike a credit card, where we are charged for the privilege of use and acceptance, making a payment with bitcoins is free and fast. Bitcoin does not require personal information, which should be welcome news to those who shopped at Target during the 2013 holiday season. The Bitcoin payment system has no national boundaries and no requirement for a bank account, making it the ideal technology for international money transfers and serving the underbanked.

      Bitcoin was born out of the Great Recession and financial crisis of 2008. It was a reaction to the financial revolution that had occurred over the past 20 years. It gained traction as global central banks began to print money to combat the Great Recession. The early adopters felt that quantitative easing was a threat to their livelihood. But just like food co-ops led to the formation of wholesale clubs, so, too, will Bitcoin lead to more mainstream business adoption.

      It took me several attempts to understand that Bitcoin's innovation was the removal of the financial services middleman. The biggest obstacles were the acronyms. In any industry, shorthand tends to confuse the beginner and aid the expert. My inexperience with cryptography, P2P networks, and open-source protocols meant I had a formidable task ahead. Remembering my dream of a private jet, I slogged through the language barrier toward my fortune, unaware that I would someday share this knowledge.

      What Is Bitcoin?

      One of the first things I learned was that Bitcoin was known as a peer-to-peer network, which is fancy computer-speak for no middleman. The concept behind the technology is as old as commerce itself: cut out the cost of a middleman and you can offer a product cheaper. Business empires have been built on this concept, for example, the food co-ops of the 1970s in the United States were the first-generation Costco, BJ's Wholesale, and Sam's Club.

      Peer-to-peer networks have a history of revolutionizing industries. Sean Parker's creation, Napster, is a great example of a peer-to-peer network that changed music. With Napster, music files could be shared among friends (peers) without having to go to Tower Records and purchasing the album. Once the album was purchased, your peer could make you a copy and walk it over to your house. This cumbersome exchange not only involved several middlemen; it also involved your getting off the couch. Napster cut out the middlemen and allowed you to share your favorite tune from the comfort of your home.

      Of course, the middlemen were none too happy with Mr. Parker, and they launched a barrage of lawsuits to reclaim their turf. Eventually, the legal costs caused Napster to shutter, but not before it changed the music industry permanently. Many consider the single song file-sharing service to be a predecessor to Apple's iTunes. The recording industry was accustomed to selling entire albums chock-full of songs that few wanted to hear. What Napster did was illustrate that the consumer preferred à la carte music purchases, and Apple picked up on this demand. Napster may have changed how people shared music, but Apple changed how they purchased it. Even more, iTunes has changed the way music is recorded and released. Many may lament the death of the album, but Napster and iTunes have ensured that there is no turning back.

      When thought of as a file-sharing service, Bitcoin it not too different than Napster. The files that are being shared are units of value rather than music. If you could find a grocery store that accepted music as payment for food, then Napster could become a currency like Bitcoin. Once again, it comes back to whether the file you receive (music or bitcoin) can be used to buy something else. As soon as the file can be traded for something else, it becomes a currency, and if by some miracle the rest of the world decides to accept music as payment, then the value of that “currency” will likely rise. Once something becomes a currency, a new level of security is needed.

      The security of the Bitcoin technology is what makes it more suitable than Napster as a currency. At the heart of Bitcoin is a global ledger, or balance sheet, called the blockchain. This global ledger records every transaction that