The History of almost Everything. Practical guide of the eaters of Time. Lim Word

annex, to accommodate an additional altar with a throne, for worship. Thanks to the side-chapel, in one temple it is possible to perform more than one liturgy (from the Greek λειτουργία "common cause") per day. This rule is the same for the Catholic and Orthodox churches. It can be said that after the main worship, this altar must accumulate a special strength for at least 24 hours.

      Saddledness. The intersection of the main nave and the transept (transverse nave). Usually it is crowned by a dome or a tower.

      Transsept (from Latin "for" and "fence"). Cross nave, crossing the main longitudinal nave at a right angle, outside the main building forming protuberances – apses.

      Apse. In Western European architecture, a semicircular ledge, or a similar in form internal part of the temple, which contains an altar complex.

      Crown of chapels. A number of chapels surrounding the apse, radiating from the rays and separated from the choir bypass (de-ambulant).

      Chorus (from other Greek хορός, group dance). The space before the main throne, where the chorus of singers is placed. Now it includes the Presbytery (Latin Presbyterium – a place for the elect), where only priests could previously go. In some Catholic churches, and now the place of the choir is fenced off by a low balustrade – or is provided for a free tour to all visitors. There may also be a wind organ, a priest-musician, a pulpit, a table and chairs for the preacher.

      Deambulary (from the Latin ambio – walking around all around). Semicircular bypass gallery around the altar part of the temple. Allows parishioners to bypass the presbytery to pass to the chapels, respectively, small altars or sacred relics, and also (through the patterned lattice) to survey the shrines that are in the main altar part of the cathedral.

      2. Symbolic significance of the architecture of the Orthodox church:

      1) The porch. The face of the earth's being.

      2) The stages of the ascent from the earthly to the heavenly.

      3) The heavenly realm of earthly existence

      4) Visible Sky

      5) The main part of the temple

      6) Amvon – the region of representation (meeting) of each other to Heaven and Earth

      7) The dome above the altar is a symbolic and real Kingdom of Heaven

      8) The throne is the throne of the Heavenly King

      The internal structure of the Orthodox church is detailed in the section “Russian dynasties”, for the best adjustment for this era.

      Protestant churches (temples), despite their influence (the United States, England, in all around the world 800 million people), usually do not differ richly decorated. There is no icon-worship, veneration of the relics of the saints: accordingly, there are no icons in the building, or arches with relics. Attitude to the saints, at the same time, respectful. The building of the church can be any leased public building. In the altar there is a table stretched across the hall, with books of the Old and New Testaments, and lamps. Here, with the sermons of the Padres (the Father), the liturgy, communion and baptism are held. The two sacraments are the only ones recognized by this denomination. Much attention is paid here to solving the worldly problems of parishioners, unraveling family conflicts, quarrels of neighbors, etc. (faith without deeds is dead). Protestants (from Latin “publicly proving”) are usually not in some kind of confrontation with the Jewish religion, such as the Orthodox and Catholics, see the state of Israel as an important field of God’s activities until the second coming of Jesus Christ.

      The priest, as a rule, is elected, from among the most respected parishioners. Apostolic succession (elevation to the rank through ordination, that is, consecration) is absent.

      3. The synagogue (other Greek συναγωγή, "meeting", or Hebrew בֵּית כְּנֶסֶת, bate knes – "house of assembly", it is also "meadat meat" – "small sanctuary") – the place of public worship, the center of religious life (Jewish) community.

      1) Entrance, a place for a washbasin (washing of hands). On the door frame is attached a case with a fragment from the Torah, mezuzah – before it the parishioner should be touched. This case can be recognized by the initial letter ש, one of the names of God – "Shaddai". This (but not necessarily mandatory) rule extends to private Jewish dwellings. Married women enter the sanctuary, usually with something covered (wig, headscarf, etc.) head and. Women's pants, calling clothes, neckline – are not welcome. Men are wearing a headdress in the synagogue (and, in general, outside it): it is a symbol of recognizing the power of God.

      2), 3). Prayer rooms on the edges of the prayer hall. Sacred texts, relics, memorable photographs can be placed here. This interior helps to increase the useful area of the walls of the sanctuary, and also creates conditions for more confidential communication among parishioners, including discussions on earth affairs, etc. Men and women, usually only during prayer, gather separately. This custom does not work during a festive meal or a concert (once again, yes: the synagogue, in spite of its high sacral value, is not the Temple, but only the House of Assembly).

      4) Bima or Almea. The elevation in the center of the synagogue, with a table where the chosen minister (rabbi, hazzan, or another worthy parishioner) reads the Torah and (usually the final public reading) excerpts from the book of the Prophets – Gaftary. Sometimes readers (called by parishioners) can replace each other. The main provisions of these texts: an indication of the Lord's faithfulness to his promise, a request for the restoration of Zion, the coming of the Messiah and the confirmation of the throne of David, gratitude for the gift of the Torah, the Prophets and the Sabbath or the feast.

      5) In some cases, the bima has a fenced passage to the synagogue ark (6), or merges with it. In this place are located lamps.

      6) The Synagogue Ark, Hebrew. aron kodash. The symbolic reflection of the Ark of the Covenant, the cabinet in which the Torah scrolls are located. When you open the doors of the ark, those present, if they sit, stand up. The most important prayers are pronounced before the open (Celestial Gate) cabinet.

      7) Above the ark is the Unquenchable lamp, ner-tamid, the symbol of the Menorah, the oil (golden, seven-barrel) lamp of the Temple. Neramid, ideally, should burn all night, just like the Menorah in the Temple, and (preferably) also a day. The Menorah itself symbolizes at the same time the unity and diversity of human nature. The branches of the lamp resemble a tree and, thus, symbolize (the root of the Heaven) the Tree of Life.

      4. Mosque (Arabic مسجد place of worship ") – Muslim prayer (liturgical) structure. The first mosque is a cubic building in Mecca, Kaaba (Arabic "Cube"), or also "Beitou-Llah" – "House of God". During the annual hajj (pilgrimage), believers seven times bypass the sanctuary (ritual tawaf – "circumvention"), pronouncing prayers, asking for mercy and forgiveness.

      Inside the Kaaba there are three columns; two lamps, a table, to put on it any objects, for example incense; The walls and floors are made of marble. The upper inner walls of the Kaaba are closed by a curtain on which the shahada is written. Shahada, the symbol of the faith of Muslims, reads word for word: "I testify that there is no other God besides Allah, and I also testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah."

      The meaning of the last words is the rejection of other beliefs in the same spirit, from the multitude of other preachers who preach their teachings in pre-Islamic times, and so interfere with each other.

      1) Pond for bathing before prayer (prayer).

      2) The main prayer hall (for men). Ahead are the venerable elders, then to the entrance – middle-aged people and youth. The floors are carpeted. On the walls are excerpts from the Koran. Images of living beings are forbidden. Namaz includes waist and earthly obeisances (sitting on the knees), praising Allah ("Allahu Akbar"), lifting palms to the sky, while the thumbs touch the earlobes, reading the suras of the Koran …

      3) For women, a separate room is set up, or a balcony with an opaque curtain.

      4) Minbar – tribune, the department with which the imam reads Friday's sermon. The Imam – "the one who lies ahead, the one who leads the prayer" is also "an example for imitation" – a clergyman who manages the mosque, which produces common prayers