Евреи государства Российского. XV – начало XX вв.. Лев Бердников

believed in the future of the Russian Jewish community. And the national Jewish poet, Semen Frug, who was the son of a farmer, earned the respect and admiration of the remarkable Russian writer Nikolai Leskov with his love for the land and his fervent Jewish patriotism.

      So-does this mean that the warning «Oh, Jews, don't you sew livery!» was groundless? Unfortunately, not. Berdnikov recounts the fates of many «Jews in livery» that were tragic. In the time of Ivan III the doctor Mistro Leon perished on the scaffold, victim of a cruel conspiracy. And another doctor, Daniil Gaden, falsely accused of black magic, was tortured to death in 1682 by rebellious strel'tsy. The brothers Abram and Fedor Veslovskii were forced to flee the country, and thus became Russia's first non-returning diplomats. Chief of Police Anton Divier was exiled to Siberia. The contractor Abram Peretz, who went bankrupt supplying the Russian army with provisions in 1812, died in poverty. And so on! Even those whose services to the country were truly enormous could be subject to persecutions; thus Petr Shafirov was ultimately stripped of his ranks and medals, as the Senate gleefully recalled that he was of the «zhid breed.»

      Several of the heroes of this book were not left in peace even after death. Xenophobic historians with nothing better to do keep silent about the contributions made by Jews to the Russian empire while trying to seek out traces of harmful intrigues hatched by «zhid-masons» and contributing to the most dismal events in Russian history. At times the role of «Jews in livery» is thus purposefully and outrageously exaggerated. By the logic of these learned writers, the dark period under Empress Anna Ioannovna should be called not «bironovshchina» (the time of Biron) but «lipmanovshchina,» after E. I. Biron's close associate, the Jewish banker Levy Lipman, who they say, allegedly ruled Russia. (Berdnikov addresses the falsity and absurd nature of this and other assertions about Lipman's power, demonstrating that he was just another of Biron's many creditors.)

      The aggressive search for historically compromising material about Jews is especially zealous and stubborn in the sphere of Russian literature, – more precisely, in the area of Russian poetry. Tendentious literary scholars try to push the idea that it was precisely the Jews who were responsible for the death of great Russian poets, as part of an age-old secret conspiracy against Russia. And it's no problem for them if no evidence exists; it's simple enough to label as a zhid any cheat or scoundrel, especially if murder is involved. Thus the unfortunate Nikolai Martynov who shot the great Lermontov in a duel – so what if he was Orthodox, an aristocrat, officer – but what about that suspicious patronymic «Solomonovich»?! The Russian nationalist has no interest in the fact that during the week of holy forefathers in the Orthodox church in late December newborns were given ancient-Jewish names. So here we have the image of a Russian poet and martyr, killed by evil foreigners – it's even rather appealing. So how can one help but give into the temptation of declaring Solomonovich-Martynov a natural born Jew – and not only to declare it, but make a film about it, one that is very «artistic» and even «enlightening.» And throw into the conspiracy against Lermontov the chancellor Karl Nesselrode, whose mother (we learn from a biographical dictionary) was ethnically Jewish but of the Lutheran faith…

      Berdnikov also reveals several well-known Russian political figures in a new and unexpected light. For example, a separate essay is dedicated to the Prince and Field Marshall Grigorii Potemkin, who appears here as a convinced judophile and the first governmental figure in Russian history to support the Zionist idea. For the first time since the destruction of the Second Temple this charismatic figure armed Jews to form the «Israelevskii» Calvary Regiment in 1786. This he proposed to be quartered in previously Turkish-occupied Palestine, where he thought to summon all Jews once more.

      But it was to be a vastly longer time until the realization of this plan than he imagined. A huge number of Jews were to continue to live and be absorbed into in the Russian empire, and among them were the heroes of this book. They entered the annals of history and merit our lively and sincere interest today.

Alexander Lokshin, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Leading Researcher, Institute of Eastern Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences

      «Да молвите Кокосу жидовину от Великого князя»

      Хозя Кокос

      В царствование Ивана Великого, особенно в первой его половине, иудеи чувствовали себя в Московии весьма вольготно. Им было дозволено «торговлю чинить» и беспрепятственно колесить по городам и весям бескрайней Руси. Повсюду можно было заприметить принадлежавшие евреям повозки, обтянутые парусиной. «Высокие, худощавые лошади нерусской породы, – живописал в историческом романе «Басурман» И. И. Лажечников, – казавшиеся еще выше от огромных хомутин, испещренных медными полумесяцами, звездами и яблоками, давали знать о мере своего хода чудным строем побрякушек такого же металла. На передках сидели большею частью жиды… В тогдашнее время не было выгодной должности, которую не брали бы на себя потомки Иудины. Они мастерски управляли бичом и кадуцеем, головой и языком… Особенно на Руси… во Пскове, в Новгороде и Москве шныряли евреи-суконники, извозчики, толмачи, сектаторы и послы… В авангарде, из-под общипанного малахая и засаленного тулупаторчала, как флюгер, остроконечная бородка и развевались пейсики, опушенные морозом».

      «Полезные» евреи отыскивались не только на московских улицах, но и среди лиц, непосредственно приближенных к великому князю Ивану III, который, по словам историка Г. В. Вернадского, относился к иудеям весьма доброжелательно и терпимо.

      К слову, в этом своем юдофильстве государь московский был не одинок, ибо институт придворных евреев существовал в большинстве стран Европы и Азии. Он имел давнюю традицию и вел свое начало еще с книги Бытия, где рассказывалось об Иосифе – высоком сановнике египетского фараона. Впоследствии жизнеописания придворных евреев, сохранивших религию отцов и помогавших своим соплеменникам, вошли в книги Даниила и Эсфири, а также в апокрифическую книгу Товита. В Средние века правители