Все науки. №6, 2024. Международный научный журнал. Ибратжон Хатамович Алиев

target nucleus and part of its kinetic energy (1).

      Part of the kinetic energy due to the large difference in the masses of the nucleus and the nucleon in such cases becomes equal to the kinetic energy of the bombarding nucleon. On average, the binding energy is equal to 8 MeV and can change only with the distinctive features of the composite nucleus formed in this process, but for the precisely specified target nucleus and nucleon, this value is a constant. The kinetic energy of a particle can be anything, for example, in nuclear reactions where a neutron strikes, due to the fact that there is no repulsive force of the nucleus – the Coulomb barrier, their energy can be extremely close to zero.

      Thus, the kinetic energy is the minimum excitation energy of the composite nucleus.

      And it is from the statement of the presence of a composite nucleus and the existence of nuclear decay channels that we can conclude about the existence of reaction channels. The reaction channels themselves are the ways of transition from an excited to an unexcited state. The type and quantum state of the incoming particles and nuclei before the start of the reaction determine the input channel of the nuclear reaction, after the completion of the reaction, the totality of the formed particles, that is, the reaction products and their quantum state is determined by the resulting output channel of the reaction. The complete characterization of the nuclear reaction is carried out by input and output channels.

      The composite nucleus itself lives for quite a long time, due to which the choice of the reaction channel itself does not depend at all on the method of formation of the composite nucleus, due to which it «forgets» how it was formed. This becomes the reason for the assertion of the independence of the processes of the organization of the composite core and its disintegration. A striking example can be the situation of the formation of an excited aluminum-27 nucleus in the following ways (2).

      But it decays violently in the same way in all cases, provided that the excitation energy is the same. But at the same time, there is also a possibility of reverse decay of any of these reactions, with a certain probability that does not depend on the history of the origin of the excited nucleus itself. If we talk about the probability of such events, then the dependence becomes between the grade of the target nucleus and the energies.

      As previously indicated, nuclear reactions can also proceed through a direct channel of interaction at high energies, since the nucleons of the nucleus can be considered as free. The difference from the previous composite core model from the direct reaction model initially consists in the distribution of the momentum vectors of the particles-products of the nuclear reaction, relative to the momentum of the bombarding particles. If spherical symmetry operates in the composite model, then in this case the geometry is simpler and the advantage in choosing the directions of the resulting particles is in the direction of the incoming particles.

      Earlier, the concept of the probability of a nuclear reaction was mentioned, which is represented by a quantity called the effective cross section of a nuclear reaction. In the laboratory system of the report, the resting situation of the target nucleus is taken, the probability of interaction is determined by the product of the cross section by the flow of incident particles, while the cross section is expressed in units of area, and the flow in the number of particles crossing the unit area per unit time. The cross section of the nuclear reaction itself is calculated in extremely small units of area – barns equal to 10—24 cm².

      The ratio of reaction cases attributed to the number of particles bombarding the target is called the yield of a nuclear reaction. This value is determined experimentally by quantitative measurements, which is associated with the cross—section of reactions, and the measurement of this output is in essence the measurement of the reaction cross-section.

      The laws of physics, including conservation laws, of course also apply in nuclear reactions. These laws impose certain restrictions on the possibility of carrying out a nuclear reaction itself. There are also some more specific conservation laws peculiar to the microcosm, an example of such can be the law of conservation of the baryon or lepton number. They are performed on all known reactions, but some other laws of parity conservation, isospin, strangeness, only act in fundamental interactions. The consequence of them is the selection rules that determine the real and impossible nuclear reactions that can be carried out.

      The law of conservation of energy in nuclear reactions acts predictably, but very specifically for representatives of the macrocosm. In this case, the equality of the sums of the total energies (3) is fulfilled.

      If we paint (3), then we can get (4), from which follows the reaction energy (5), which satisfies (6).

      Thus (5) can also be rewritten as (7).

      If the reaction yield is greater than zero, then this reaction is exo-energetic and is accompanied by the release of energy into the kinetic energy of the reaction products, in the opposite case – absorption and is called endo-energetic. The adjustment of such a process becomes clear both by the mass difference before and after the reaction, and with a positive difference, we can say that it turns into kinetic energy and the reaction generates energy, in the opposite case, that is, with a negative difference, the process absorbs it.

      The law of conservation of momentum also applies, which is very noticeable in direct reactions (8).

      At the same time, there is a law of conservation of momentum and a number of other laws, but the most basic ones acting in the reaction are these two conservation laws.

      But now it is important to focus on the types of nuclear reactions, and there are several of them: nuclear fission reaction, fusion, thermonuclear reaction and photonuclear reaction. The first type is a nuclear fission reaction, this is the process of splitting an atomic nucleus into two, and less often into three nuclei with close nuclear masses, which are called fission fragments. Other reaction products may also occur, including light nuclei – alpha particles, deuterons, as well as neutrons and gamma quanta. Fission itself is spontaneous and spontaneous, or forced, due to interaction with other particles, for example neutrons. The fission of heavy nuclei is in most cases an exo—energetic process, which makes it possible to obtain energy from radiation and kinetic energy of products from this process.

      The nuclear fusion reaction is the second nuclear process, which consists in the fusion of two nuclei to form a new, heavier nucleus. This process is often accompanied by the emission of gamma rays or other elementary particles. Fusion of nuclei is most often an endo-energetic process, which most often requires the introduction of energy through the kinetic energies of particles in order to overcome the Coulomb barrier – the electrostatic repulsion of nuclei. The fusion of two nuclei and giving them energy can be realized, as it is not difficult to guess in charged particle accelerators, or these particles originally possessed this energy, for example, cosmic radiation particles, but there is another way – it is heating matter to extremely high temperatures in a special thermonuclear reactor, where the kinetic energy of particles and temperatures are extremely huge.

      In this way, it is possible to approach thermonuclear reactions. In such reactions, the fusion of light nuclei leads to the conversion of the excess mass of the original nuclei into energy, since the total mass of the merged nuclei is greater than the mass of the resulting nucleus-the reaction product.

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