Глоссариум по искусственному интеллекту: 2500 терминов. Том 2. Александр Юрьевич Чесалов

and collaboration, and technology automation. The term DevOps is also understood as a special approach to organizing development teams. Its essence is that developers, testers and administrators work in a single thread – they are not each responsible for their own stage, but work together on the release of the product and try to automate the tasks of their departments so that the code moves between stages without delay. In DevOps, responsibility for the result is distributed among the entire team389,390.

      Diagnosis concerned with the development of algorithms and techniques that are able to determine whether the behaviour of a system is correct. If the system is not functioning correctly, the algorithm should be able to determine, as accurately as possible, which part of the system is failing, and which kind of fault it is facing. The computation is based on observations, which provide information on the current behaviour391.

      Dialogflow API.AI is a platform that allows users to build brand-unique, natural language interactions for bots, applications, services, and devices. It features a Natural Language Understanding Tools to design unique conversation scenarios, design corresponding actions and analyze interactions with users392.

      Dialogue system (also conversational agent (CA)) is a computer system intended to converse with a human with a coherent structure. Dialogue systems have employed text, speech, graphics, haptics, gestures, and other modes for communication on both the input and output channel393.

      Dice coefficient is a measure to compare the similarity of two segmentations, e.g., by expert and by machine. It is the ratio of twice the number of common pixels to the sum of all pixels in both sets.

      Dictation – speech (voice) text input.

      Dictation system is a system for speech text input.

      Digital Body Language encompasses all the digital activities performed by an individual. Every time a person performs a Google search, visits a web page, opens a newsletter or downloads a guide, they contribute to their digital body language. Digital body language is used in building marketing automation394.

      Digital divide is a concept that has become especially widespread in the last decade due to the increased importance of introducing new digital technologies in society and overcoming existing differences in the field of information and knowledge that hinder the development of basic economic and social infrastructures, in particular the energy sector, telecommunications and education395.

      Digital educational environment is an open set of information systems designed to support various tasks of the educational process. The word «open» means the ability and the right to use different information systems as part of the DSP, replace them or add new ones at your own discretion396.

      Digital ethics is a form of ethics that includes systems of values and moral principles of electronic interaction between people, organizations and things.

      Digital platform is a group of technologies that are used as a basis for creating a specific and specialized system of digital interaction397.

      Digital rights are the rights of individuals as it pertains to computer access and the ability to use, create and publish digital media. Digital rights can also refer to allowed permissions for fair use of digital copyrighted materials. Digital rights are extensions of human rights like freedom of expression and the right to privacy. The extent to which digital rights are recognized varies from country to country, but Internet access is a recognized right in several countries398.

      Digital Social Innovation (DSI) is innovation that uses digital technologies to enable or help carry out SI399.

      Digital society (Global information society) is a new world knowledge society that exists and interacts, and is also closely integrated into a fundamentally and qualitatively new digital social, economic and cultural ecosystem, in which the free exchange of information and knowledge is implemented using artificial intelligence, augmented and virtual reality, which are additional interfaces for the interaction of people and machines (computers, robots, wearable devices, etc.)400.

      Digital transformation is the process of integrating digital technologies into all aspects of activity, requiring fundamental changes in technology, culture, operations and the principles of creating new products and services401.

      Digital transformation of the economy is a continuous and dynamically changing process of development, implementation and development of innovations and new technologies in all its sectors, which fundamentally affects the socio-economic and cultural development of the information society.

      Digitalization is a new stage in the automation and informatization of economic activity and public administration, the process of transition to digital technologies, which is based not only on the use of information and communication technologies to solve production or management problems, but also on the accumulation and analysis of big data with their help in order to predict situation, optimization of processes and costs, attraction of new contractors, etc.402.

      Dimension reduction – decreasing the number of dimensions used to represent a particular feature in a feature vector, typically by converting to an embedding403.

      Dimensionality reduction (also dimension reduction) – the process of reducing the number of random variables under consideration by obtaining a set of principal variables. It can be divided into feature selection and feature extraction404.

      Dimensionality reduction is a learning technique used when the number of features (or dimensions) in a given dataset is too high. It reduces the number of data inputs to a manageable size while also preserving the data integrity. Often, this technique is used in the preprocessing data stage, such as when autoencoders remove noise from visual data to improve picture quality405.

      Dimensions is the maximum number of linearly independent vectors contained in the space406,407.

      Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) in computer science and mathematics, a directed acyclic graph is a finite directed graph with no directed cycles. It consists of finitely many vertices and edges, with each edge directed from one vertex to another, such that there is no way to start at any vertex and follow a consistently directed sequence of edges that eventually loops back to that starting vertex again408.

      Disaster tolerance is the ability of a system to restore an application on an alternate cluster when the

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