Атлас искусственного интеллекта: руководство для будущего. Кейт Кроуфорд

«In handicrafts and manufacture, the worker makes use of a tool; in the factory, the machine makes use of him. There the movements of the instrument of labor proceed from him, here it is the movements of the machine that he must follow. In manufacture the workers are parts of a living mechanism. In the factory we have a lifeless mechanism which is independent of the workers, who are incorporated into it as its living appendages.» Marx, Das Kapital, 548–49.

      121

      Luxemburg, «Practical Economies,» 444.

      122

      Thompson, «Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism.»

      123

      Thompson, 88–90.

      124

      Werrett, «Potemkin and the Panopticon,» 6.

      125

      See, e. g., Cooper, «Portsmouth System of Manufacture.»

      126

      Foucault, Discipline and Punish; Horne and Maly, Inspection House.

      127

      Mirzoeff, Right to Look, 58.

      128

      Mirzoeff, 55.

      129

      Mirzoeff, 56.

      130

      Gray and Suri, Ghost Work.

      131

      Irani, «Hidden Faces of Automation.»

      132

      Yuan, «How Cheap Labor Drives China’s A. I. Ambitions»; Gray and Suri, «Humans Working behind the AI Curtain.»

      133

      Berg et al., Digital Labour Platforms.

      134

      Roberts, Behind the Screen; Gillespie, Custodians of the Internet, 111–40.

      135

      Silberman et al., «Responsible Research with Crowds.»

      136

      Silberman et al.

      137

      Huet, «Humans Hiding behind the Chatbots.»

      138

      Huet.

      139

      See Sadowski, «Potemkin AI.»

      140

      Taylor, «Automation Charade.»

      141

      Taylor.

      142

      Gray and Suri, Ghost Work.

      143

      Standage, Turk, 23.

      144

      Standage, 23.

      145

      See, e. g., Aytes, «Return of the Crowds,» 80.

      146

      Irani, «Difference and Dependence among Digital Workers,» 225.

      147

      Pontin, «Artificial Intelligence.»

      148

      Menabrea and Lovelace, «Sketch of the Analytical Engine.»

      149

      Babbage, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, 39–43.

      150

      Babbage evidently acquired an interest in quality-control processes while trying (vainly) to establish a reliable supply chain for the components of his calculating engines.

      151

      Schaffer, «Babbage’s Calculating Engines and the Factory System,» 280.

      152

      Taylor, People’s Platform, 42.

      153

      Katz and Krueger, «Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements.»

      154

      Rehmann, «Taylorism and Fordism in the Stockyards,» 26.

      155

      Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital, 56, 67; Specht, Red Meat Republic.

      156

      Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management.

      157

      Marx, Poverty of Philosophy, 22.

      158

      Qiu, Gregg, and Crawford, «Circuits of Labour»; Qiu, Goodbye iSlave.

      159

      Markoff, «Skilled Work, without the Worker.»

      160

      Guendelsberger, On the Clock, 22.

      161

      Greenhouse, «McDonald’s Workers File Wage Suits.»

      162

      Greenhouse.

      163

      Mayhew and Quinlan, «Fordism in the Fast Food Industry.»

      164

      Ajunwa, Crawford, and Schultz, «Limitless Worker Surveillance.»

      165

      Mikel, «WeWork Just Made a Disturbing Acquisition.»

      166

      Mahdawi, «Domino’s ‘Pizza Checker’ Is Just the Beginning.»

      167

      Wajcman, «How Silicon Valley Sets Time.»

      168

      Wajcman, 1277.

      169

      Gora, Herzog, and Tripathi, «Clock Synchronization.»

      170

      Eglash, «Broken Metaphor,» 361.

      171

      Kemeny and Kurtz, «Dartmouth Timesharing,» 223.

      172

      Eglash, «Broken Metaphor,» 364.

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      Brewer,