Neurology. Charles H. Clarke

Table 1.3 DALYs (Disability‐Adjusted Life Year) for neurological and psychi...

      2 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Detailed examination.Table 4.2 Lower (LMN) & upper motor neurone (UMN) lesions.Table 4.3 Normal CSF.Table 4.4 Movement, root value, muscle & nerve.

      3 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Epilepsy: by aetiology

      4 Chapter 9Table 9.1 CSF in meningitis.Table 9.2 Main causes of viral meningitis.

      5 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Some upper limb focal neuropathies.Table 10.2 Common lower limb focal neuropathies.Table 10.3 Anterior horn cell diseases and related conditions.Table 10.4 Skeletal muscle channelopathies.Table 10.5 Principal mitochondrial respiratory chain diseases.

      6 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Symptomatic treatments and rehabilitation in MS.

      7 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Acute migraine treatments.

      8 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Visual failure.Table 14.2 Optic neuritis/optic neuropathy.Table 14.3 III nerve palsy: causes.Table 14.4 Abducens (VI) nerve palsy.Table 14.5 Causes of unilateral Horner's.

      9 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Vestibular migraine criteria (International Headache & Bárány So...

      10 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Some causes of myelopathy.

      11 Chapter 17Table 17.1 AR cerebellar ataxias.Table 17.2 Congenital inherited ataxic disorders

      12 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Some potential neurobiological weapons.Table 19.2 Vitamin deficiencies and neurology.Table 19.3 Metabolic disorders ‐ some relevant examples.Table 19.4 Unregulated drugs and the nervous system.

      13 Chapter 20Table 20.1 The vocabulary of altered consciousness.Table 20.2 Coma + meningism +/‐ lateralising signs: examples.Table 20.3 Coma without meningism and without lateralising signs.Table 20.4 Glasgow Coma Scale score.Table 20.5 NICU: Examples of conditions supported.Table 20.6 Common sleep disorders.

      14 Chapter 21Table 21.1 Nervous System Tumours – from WHO ClassificationTable 21.2 Sellar region lesions.

      15 Chapter 23Table 23.1 Complex regional pain syndrome.

      16 Chapter 24Table 24.1 Autonomic investigations.Table 24.2 Classification of autonomic disorders.

      17 Chapter 25Table 25.1 Cord lesions and the bladder.

      18 Chapter 26Table 26.1 Causes of cardiac embolism.

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Standardized prevalence and incidence rates of treated epilepsy i...Figure 1.2 Age structure in developed (Sweden) and developing (Costa Rica) c...Figure 1.3 Comparison of age‐specific fertility rates in women with treated ...

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Brain: overall anatomy (a) Lateral view (b) Midsagittal section (...Figure 2.2 Descending corticospinal pathways.Figure 2.3 Oblique coronal section: putamen, caudate, globus pallidus, subth...Figure 2.4 A striatal motor loop. SMA ‐ supplementary motor area, VLN ‐ vent...Figure 2.5 Zones of the cerebellum.Figure 2.6 Cerebellar peduncles & nuclei: posterior view.Figure 2.7 Cerebellum: cortical micro‐anatomy.Figure 2.8 Sensory pathways to the cortex. (a) Posterior columns, (b) Spinot...Figure 2.9 Cord cross‐section: dorsal horn laminae, ascending & descending t...Figure 2.10 Brainstem: lateral view – cranial nerve nuclei.Figure 2.11 Reticular formation: (a) Nuclei (b) Principal neurotransmitter c...Figure 2.12 Limbic system: brain midline sagittal section.Figure 2.13 Thalamus (from above): (a) nuclei (b) connections of relay nucle...Figure 2.14 (a) Hypothalamic & pituitary region: sagittal – from right (b) P...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Genetic control of spinal development – putative mechanisms.

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Axial brain CT: brain windows.Figure 4.2 Axial brain CT: bone windows. White arrow: ossicles. Black arrow:...Figure 4.3 CT Myelogram. (a): Sagittal. (b): Axial. Intrathecal contrast cre...Figure 4.4 Axial MR (a) T1w – CSF black. (b) T2w – CSF white, grey matter hy...Figure 4.5 MR Angiography: contrast MRA of neck vessels.Figure 4.6 DSA: (a) arterial and (b) venous phase. Left internal carotid art...Figure 4.7 Normal EEG followed by frontal spike‐and‐wave. E: eye movement ar...Figure 4.8 Ulnar nerve conduction: nerve compression at elbow.Figure 4.9 Brainstem: lateral schematic view.Figure 4.10 Principal patterns of sensory loss.Figure 4.11 Spinal and V nerve dermatomes.

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Alzheimer’s disease autopsy: abundant amyloid plaques in neocorte...Figure 5.2 MR T1W: Alzheimer’s disease – widespread cerebral atrophy.Figure 5.3 MR T1W: frontotemporal dementia – asymmetry is typical.Figure 5.4 CADASIL. Typical vascular changes (MR T1W).

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 MRA: Origins of common carotid and vertebral arteries.Figure 6.2 Principal cerebral arteries.Figure 6.3 Venous sinuses: MR venogram. SSS: superior sagittal sinus, ISS: i...Figure 6.4 MR DWI: single lacunar infarct.Figure 6.5 MR T2W: multiple white matter lesions.Figure 6.6 Cerebral edema following right MCA occlusion (CT).Figure 6.7 MR T2W: deep MCA (striato‐capsular) infarction.Figure 6.8 Unenhanced CT: acute PCA oclusion.Figure 6.9 MR T1W: PICA infarction.Figure 6.10 CT: intracerebral haematoma in putamen.Figure 6.11 CT: cerebellar haemorrhage.Figure 6.12 DSA: giant basilar artery aneurysm.Figure 6.13 Catheter angiogram: bi‐lobed PCOM artery aneurysm.Figure 6.14 CT: SAH – blood around brainstem.Figure 6.15 Frontal AVM (a) MR T2W (b) DSA. Nidus – white arrows; draining v...Figure 6.16 Right frontal cavernoma (a) MR T2 (b) MR SWI.

      7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Spike‐wave discharge with typical absence epilepsy.Figure 8.2 Interictal