Essential Concepts in MRI. Yang Xia

to sample an exponential...

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Fundamental relationships among the...Figure 8.2 A low-resolution spectrum of...Figure 8.3 Schematic line patterns of a two...Figure 8.4 Schematic line patterns of the A...Figure 8.5 Schematic line patterns of the A...Figure 8.6 The full ¹H NMR spectrum of...Figure 8.7a ¹H spectrum of styrene, where...Figure 8.7b ¹³C spectrum of styrene when...Figure 8.7c ¹³C spectrum of styrene when...Figure 8.8 ¹H NMR spectrum of ethyl acetate,...Figure 8.9 ¹H NMR spectrum of quinoline....

      9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Pulse sequences for double-resonance...Figure 9.2 Schematic of homonuclear decoupling,...Figure 9.3 ¹³C NMR spectra of quinoline...Figure 9.4 ¹³C NMR spectra of quinoline dissolved...Figure 9.5 The rate of chemical exchange,...Figure 9.6 (a) Two resonant peaks represent two...Figure 9.7 Magnetization transfer can be used to...Figure 9.8 Numerical illustrations for selective...Figure 9.9 Comparison of two CH₂ resonant peaks...

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 A schematic illustration of...Figure 10.2 (a) 2D heteronuclear COSY sequence,...Figure 10.3 An energy-level diagram for a heteronuclear...Figure 10.4 A schematic 2D heteronuclear COSY spectrum,...Figure 10.5 A conceptual pulse sequence for 2D homonuclear...Figure 10.6 A schematic 2D homonuclear COSY spectrum,...Figure 10.7 (a) A conceptual pulse sequence for 2D...Figure 10.8 (a) The general pulse sequence for 2D...Figure 10.9 (a) The general pulse sequence for 2D...Figure 10.10a 2D homonuclear ¹H COSY...Figure 10.10b The AMX peaks in the 2D homonuclear...Figure 10.11a 2D heteronuclear ¹³C J-resolvedFigure 10.11b The enlarged spectra of the individual...

      11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 1D profiles of a tube of water....Figure 11.2 Spatially encoding the nuclear...Figure 11.3 Components of the 3D field gradient,...Figure 11.4 Insignificant effect of the field gradient...Figure 11.5 Moving around in 2D k space,...Figure 11.6 (a) Covering the first quadrant in kFigure 11.7 Four non-standard 2D mapping...Figure 11.8 The dephasing and re-phasing by a...

      12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Imaging matrices, assuming each...Figure 12.2 Slice selection in MRI....Figure 12.3 (a) A soft rf pulse means long...Figure 12.4 (a) A slice selection sequence...Figure 12.5 Pulse sequences in slice selection....Figure 12.6 Relationships among the slice selection...Figure 12.7 Three common slice orientations in...Figure 12.8 2D back-projection imaging sequence...Figure 12.9 The image reconstruction in the filtered...Figure 12.10 2D FT sequence (a) that uses a...Figure 12.11 The spin-echo version (a) and the...Figure 12.12 Re-gridding or interpolation process...Figure 12.13 3D MRI sequences. (a) 3D back-projection...Figure 12.14 A 2D fast imaging sequence when a small tip angle...Figure 12.15 A 2D fast imaging sequence when the magnetization...Figure 12.16 An illustration for the concept of...Figure 12.17 Example of the sampling patterns in MRI...Figure 12.18 TE in imaging sequences. 2D imaging sequences...Figure 12.19 A double-tube phantom filled with water,...Figure 12.20 A 1D imaging sequence, which utilizes two slice...Figure 12.21 A single-voxel imaging sequence, where the signal...Figure 12.22 A resolution scale in MRI and beyond....

      13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 (a) Various sinc pulses, each having...Figure 13.2 Basic configurations for the gradient...Figure 13.3 Two examples of imaging probe design for...Figure 13.4 (a) The desired shape of the gradient pulses...Figure 13.5 A schematic configuration for an MRI...Figure 13.6 Two images of water phantoms. From these...Figure 13.7 A phantom of agarose gel glued to a piece...

      14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 (a) Two 14-µm-resolution images...Figure 14.2 Two axial images of a cucumber acquired...Figure 14.3 Three sequential segments of an imaging...Figure 14.4 Quantitative one-shot imaging using the concept...Figure 14.5 Quantitative multi-slicing approach in...Figure 14.6 PGSE-like effect due to the slice gradients...Figure 14.7 Magnetization-prepared T₂ imaging...

      15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Summary of image contrasts....Figure 15.2 The PGSE pulse sequences in the...Figure 15.3 A sinusoidal wave can be characterized...Figure 15.4 The dynamic dimension conjugate to...Figure 15.5 (a) A 2D imaging sequence that employs...Figure 15.6 A set of 2D q space MRI data...Figure 15.7 A configuration of two glass tubes...Figure 15.8 (a) A set of 2D q-space...Figure 15.9 (a) The T₂-weighted proton...Figure 15.10 (a) A 2D imaging sequence that can...Figure 15.11 (a) A 2D imaging sequence that can quantify...Figure 15.12 A 2D T_1ρ imaging sequence that uses...Figure 15.13 T_1ρ dispersion in articular cartilage...Figure 15.14 A 1D NMR spectrum of a fresh acorn,...Figure 15.15 A schematic diagram for chemical shift ...Figure 15.16 Two CHEmical Shift Selective (CHESS)...Figure 15.17 A CHESS imaging example. (a) A phantom of...Figure 15.18 Two CHESS imaging examples, using (a) a fresh...Figure 15.19 Effect of susceptibility artifact....Figure 15.20 A plot of the self-diffusion of water as...Figure 15.21 Quantitative correlation of the GAG....Figure 15.22 T₂ and T₂* profiles in articular cartilage...Figure 15.23 A simulated noiseless double-exponential...Figure 15.24 The same simulated double-exponential decay...Figure 15.25 Fitting decay data with a single exponential....

      16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 An evolutional view of MRI images....Figure 16.2 (a) Dipolar interaction between two...Figure 16.3 (a) The proton images of one cartilage-bone...Figure 16.4 T_1ρ dispersion plots of the bovine...Figure 16.5 Schematics of free diffusion (a) and restricted...Figure 16.6 An example of a restricted diffusion...Figure 16.7 Examples of brain DTI of different animals...Figure 16.8 The Brownian motion of water molecules...Figure 16.9 The nature of multiple pools of water molecules...Figure 16.10 Example of multi-component...Figure 16.11 (a) An original magnitude image of...Figure 16.12 The coronal mid-lung ¹H MR image...

      17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 (a) The selections in the...Figure 17.2 (a) Binary view of an FID data that...

      18 Appendix 1Figure A1.1 The directions in the vector cross...Figure A1.2 The Argand diagram of complex numbers...Figure A1.3 A 2D matrix rotation.Figure A1.4 Discrete time and frequency...

      19 Appendix 3Figure A3.1 (a) The real and imaginary...Figure A3.2 A schematic of a transmission...

      List of Tables

      1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Properties of common nuclei.Table 2.2 Some functions and their FT...Table 2.3 Some features of Lorentzian...

      2 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Magnitudes of nuclear interactions.Table 4.2 Orientational properties of nuclear...

      3 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Shimming of magnetic field.

      4 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Two series of delay times in T2...

      5 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Basis product functions...Table 8.2 Basis product functions...Table 8.3 Pascal’s triangle for...Table 8.4 Normalization of the intensities...

      6 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Relationships in signals...

      Guide

      1  Cover

      2  Title page

      3  Copyright

      4  Dedication

      5  Table of Contents

      6  Preface

      7  Begin Reading

      8  Appendices