Diatom Microscopy. Группа авторов

energy production and are impacting on nanotechnology and photonics. They are important ecological and paleoclimate indicators. Some of them are extremophiles, living at high temperatures or in ice, at extremes of pH, at high or low light levels, and surviving desiccation. There are about 100,000 species and as many papers written about them since their discovery over three hundred years ago. The literature on diatoms is currently doubling every ten years, with 50,000 papers during the last decade (2006-2016). In this context, it is timely to review the progress to date, highlight cutting-edge discoveries, and discuss exciting future perspectives. To fulfill this objective, this new Diatom Series is being launched under the leadership of two experts in diatoms and related disciplines. The aim is to provide a comprehensive and reliable source of information on diatom biology and applications and enhance interdisciplinary collaborations required to advance knowledge and applications of diatoms.

      Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

      Diatom Microscopy

      Edited by

       Nirmal Mazumder

       Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India

      and

       Richard Gordon

       Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory & Aquarium, Panacea, FL., USA and C.S. MottCenter for Human Growth & Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology,Wayne State University, Detroit MI., USA

      This edition first published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

       © 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLC

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       Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      ISBN 978-1-119-71153-7

      Cover image: Provided by the editors

      Cover design by Russell Richardson

      Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

      Printed in the USA

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      Preface

      Diatoms are photosynthetic, unicellular algae and estimated to have more than 20,000 to 2 million species. They are abundantly found in marine and freshwater ecosystems with their cell walls made of silica. This book on Diatom Microscopy provides an introduction to the wide panoply of microscopy methods being used to investigate diatom structure and biology, marking considerable advances in recent technology including wide-field, fluorescence, confocal, super-resolution optical microscopy, electron microscopy, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and spectroscopy as applied to diatoms. Each chapter includes a tutorial on a microscopy technique and reviews its applications in diatom research. It will be of great value to both students and researchers working in the field of development of biosensors and biomedical devices using diatoms. The number of diatomists, diatom research and their publications are increasing rapidly. Although a number of books have dealt with various aspects of diatom biotechnology, nanotechnology and morphology, to our knowledge, no volume exists that summarizes advanced microscopic approaches to diatoms.

In Diatom Microscopy, we’ve gathered articles exploring the various exciting aspects of advanced microscopy techniques and their aspects in technology development as well as applications. The first chapter by Khan et al. [1.5], electron microscopic images are observed to study the ornate structures of diatoms from about 65 geographically distant origins of water bodies in India, the river Thames in the United Kingdom, samples from the Natural History Museum Basel, Switzerland and fossilized diatoms from Oamaru. Studying the wide distribution of different site-specific diatom genera from fresh and marine waterbodies contributes to gaining information about biodiversity and its wide application in life and material sciences. In many biological studies, it is highly desirable to visualize and analyze three-dimensional (3D) views of any organism before extending its applications. Since the size of diatoms ranges between 2-500 μm, optical microscopy can be used to visualize them. Shih-Ting Lin et al. [1.6], have given a detailed insight into the importance of optical microscopy in the study of diatoms. Optical imaging provides spatial resolution at the submicrometer scale without harming the specimens. Image post-processing and reconstruction also make it possible to render the structure of samples in 3D via optical sectioning. The authors have explored various types of light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, multiphoton microscopy, and super-resolution optical microscopy, within the context of diatom research and the applicability of this work to eco-environmental science and biomedicine. Further, Umemura et al. [1.11], have described the application of a unique optical microscopy system called the ‘tumbled’ microscope to observe cell gliding and floating cells in water and on solid surfaces using a microchamber. In addition, the authors also explained the use of digital holographic microscopy to study the internal structures of diatom cells. Soto et al. [1.8], have explained the use of additional advanced techniques, namely partially coherent optical diffraction tomography (PC-ODT), which allows reconstruction of the three-dimensional distribution of the diatom’s refractive index (RI). The RI image is more consistent than the image intensity of light transmitted through the specimen. These results, obtained from such advanced optical