Interventional Cardiology. Группа авторов

++ ++ – – LAD dist + + +++ + – +++ – ++ LAD/DG ++ + – ++ +++ – – – LCX prox + +++ +++ – – – – – LCX dist + + ++ +++ ++ + ++ – OM bifurc ++ +++ ++ – – – + – RCA prox – – – + +++ – ++ – RCA mid – – – – + +++ ++ +++ RCA dist/crux – – – +++ +++ – ++ – PDA – – – +++ ++ – + ++ PLV + – – +++ ++ + + – LIMA anast + – – – – +++ – –

      – not recommended; + occasionally useful; ++ very useful; +++ ideal.

      AP, anteroposterior; LAD, left anterior descending; LAO, left anterior oblique; LCX, left circumflex; LIMA, left internal mammary artery; OM, obtuse marginal; PDA, posterior descending artery; PLV, posterior left ventricular; RAO, right anterior oblique; RCA, right coronary artery.

Table 4.2 Popular view combinations for diagnostic angiography with benefits and limitations of each view.

View	Good for visualizing	Limitations
Combination 1
AP (5–10° RAO)	LMS (ostium and main shaft)	Overlap on LMS bifurcation and sometimes LMS ostium with left coronary sinus
Lateral	Mid and distal LAD, mid Cx	Potentially high radiation dose to operator, usually limited view of proximal LAD, patient’s arms need to be above head to visualize posterior arteries, often overlap diagonals/LAD
RAO cranial	Proximal and mid LAD, distal Cx	Test injections can be required to adjust angulation to ensure diagonals are above LAD, overlap with dominant Cx, and position of the diaphragm
RAO caudal	Circumflex and distal LAD
Combination 2
LAO caudal	LMS bifurcation, proximal LAD and proximal circumflex	Potentially a higher radiation dose to the patient, poor quality images sometimes in large patients
LAO cranial	Mid LAD, origin of diagonals, proximal and mid Cx	Patient required to hold in inspiration during acquisition to elongate the proximal LAD
AP cranial	Proximal and mid LAD, distal Cx	Steep cranial angulation required can be a problem for patients with cervical spine fixation
RAO caudal	Circumflex and distal LAD, sometimes LAD ostium

      AP, anteroposterior; Cx, circumflex; LAD, left anterior descending; LAO, left anterior oblique; LMS, left main stem; RAO, right anterior oblique.

      Right‐sided views

      Two perpendicular views are advocated for the RCA, usually LAO and right anterior oblique (RAO). However, it is frequently impossible to exclude disease at or beyond the crux without an additional view with cranial angulation (e.g. PA cranial or LAO cranial).

Lesion‐specific approach

      Optimal views for each coronary segment

Views that reliably demonstrate the full length of each coronary segment while minimizing foreshortening and overlap