Orthodontic Treatment of Impacted Teeth. Adrian Becker

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      To my wife Sheila, to our children, to our grand and great grandchildren and to the memories of our parents and my sister.

      Orthodontic Treatment of Impacted Teeth

       Fourth Edition

       Adrian Becker

       BDS, LDS RCS, DDO RCPS

       Clinical Associate Professor Emeritus

       Department of Orthodontics

       Hebrew University–Hadassah School of Dental Medicine

       Jerusalem

       Israel

      Text edited by Laurence (Shmuel) Becker, Advocate

      This edition first published 2022

      © 2022 Adrian Becker. Published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

      Edition History Martin Dunitz (1e, 1998), Informa UK Ltd (2e, 2007) and John Wiley & Sons Ltd (3e, 2012)

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       Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

      Names: Becker, Adrian, author.

      Title: Orthodontic treatment of impacted teeth / Adrian Becker.

      Description: Fourth edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2022.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2021043991 (print) | LCCN 2021043992 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119565376 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119565390 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119565383 (epub)

      Subjects: MESH: Tooth, Impacted | Orthodontics, Corrective–methods

      Classification: LCC RK527 (print) | LCC RK527 (ebook) | NLM WU 101.5 | DDC 617.6/43–dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021043991 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021043992

      Cover Design: Wiley

      Cover Images: Courtesy of Adrian Becker

      List of Contributors

      Dror Aizenbud DMD MSc Professor and Chair Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies School of Graduate Dentistry Rambam Health Care Campus Faculty of Medicine, Technion ‐ Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel

      Adrian Becker BDS LDS DDO Clinical Associate Professor Emeritus Department of Orthodontics Hebrew University‐Hadassah School of Dental Medicine Jerusalem Israel

      Stella Chaushu DMD PhD Vice Dean for Academic Development and International Relations Professor and Chair Department of Orthodontics Hebrew University‐Hadassah School of Dental Medicine Jerusalem Israel

      Ulrich Kritzler DDS Dr.med.dent Fachzahnarzt für Kieferorthopädie Private practice limited to orthodontics Warendorf Germany

      Amnon Leitner Panorama Nahariya CT Ltd, Owner. CT Power Ltd, Partner. ORCA Dental Ai Seed Investor & Board of Experts. Guest Lecturer, IPOP Department of Orthodontics Hebrew University‐Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem Israel Formerly, Consultant to ISI (Imaging Sciences International), Danaher, Planmeca Israel, Orex, hospitals & imaging centers

      Preface to the First Edition

      There