Investing All-in-One For Dummies. Eric Tyson

income tax rate (which is explained in the next section).

      Profits from investments that you hold longer than 12 months and then sell at a profit generate what are called long-term capital gains. Under current tax law, these long-term gains are taxed at a maximum 20 percent rate, except for most folks in the two lowest income tax brackets: 10 percent and 12 percent. For these folks, the long-term capital gains tax rate is 0 percent (as in nothing). Dividends paid out on stock are also taxed at the same favorable long-term capital gains tax rates under current tax law.

      The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (informally referred to as Obamacare) increased the tax rate on the net investment income for taxpayers with adjusted gross income above $200,000 (single return) or $250,000 (joint return). Net investment income includes interest, dividends, and capital gains. The increased tax rate is 3.8 percent.

      Determining your tax bracket

      Many folks don’t realize it, but the federal government (like most state governments) charges you different income tax rates for different parts of your annual income. You effectively pay less tax on the first dollars of your earnings and more tax on the last dollars of your earnings. As a wage earner receiving a paycheck, you won’t actually notice or see your actual tax rate rising during the year. The reason: Taxes are withheld at a constant rate from your paycheck based upon estimating your expected income for the year and your total expected tax bill for the year.

Your federal marginal income tax rate is the rate of tax that you pay on your last, or so-called highest, dollars of income (see Table 2-1). Your taxable income is the income that is left after taking allowed deductions on your return.

TABLE 2-1 2021 Federal Income Tax Rates for Single and Married Households Filing Jointly

Federal Income Tax Rate	Singles Taxable Income	Married Filing Jointly Taxable Income
10%	Up to $9,950	Up to $19,900
12%	$9,951 to $40,525	$19,901 to $81,050
22%	$40,526 to $86,375	$81,051 to $172,750
24%	$86,376 to $164,925	$172,751 to $329,850
32%	$164,926 to $209,425	$329,851 to $418,850
35%	$209,426 to $523,600	$418,851 to $628,300
37%	Over $523,600	Over $628,300

      Your actual marginal tax rate includes state income taxes if your state levies an income tax. Though this chapter focuses on the federal income tax system and strategies to reduce those taxes, most of what is discussed also helps you reduce your state income taxes, which the vast majority of states levy. Each state income tax system is unique, so covering them all here is impossible. All but eight states — Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming — impose a state income tax. (New Hampshire has only a state income tax on dividend and interest investment income.)

There’s value in knowing your marginal tax rate. This knowledge allows you to determine the following (among other things):

       How much you could reduce your taxes if you contribute more money to retirement accounts

       How much you would pay in additional taxes on extra income you could earn from working more

       How much you could reduce your taxable income if you use investments that produce tax-free income (which may make sense only if you’re in a higher tax bracket — more on this later in the chapter)

      Devising tax-reduction strategies

      Use these strategies to reduce the taxes you pay on investments that are exposed to taxation:

       Make use of retirement accounts and health savings accounts. Most contributions to retirement accounts gain you an immediate tax break, and once they’re inside the account, investment returns are sheltered from taxation, generally until withdrawal. Think of these as tax reduction accounts that can help you work toward achieving financial independence. See Chapter 1 in Book 2 for details on using retirement accounts when investing.Similar to retirement accounts are health savings accounts (HSAs). With HSAs, you get a tax break on your contributions up-front; investment earnings compound without taxation over time; and there’s no tax on withdrawal so long as the money is used to pay for health-related expenses (which enjoy a fairly broad list as delineated by the IRS).

       Consider tax-free money market funds and tax-free bond funds. Tax-free investments yield less than comparable investments that produce taxable earnings, but because of the tax differences, the earnings from tax-free investments can end up being greater than what taxable investments leave you with. If you’re in a high-enough tax bracket, you may find that you come out ahead with tax-free investments. For a proper comparison, subtract what you’ll pay in federal and state income taxes from the taxable investment income to see which investment nets you more.

       Invest in tax-friendly stock funds. Mutual funds and exchange-traded funds that tend to trade less tend to produce lower capital gains distributions. For funds held outside tax-sheltered retirement accounts, this reduced trading effectively increases an investor’s total rate of return. Index funds invest in a relatively static portfolio of securities, such as stocks and bonds. They don’t attempt to beat the market; rather, they invest in the securities to mirror or match the performance of an underlying index. Although index funds can’t beat the market, the typical actively managed fund usually doesn’t, either, and index funds have several advantages over actively managed funds.

       Invest in small business and real estate. The growth in value of business and real estate assets isn’t taxed until you sell the asset. Even then, with investment real estate (see Book 8), you often can roll over the gain into another property as long as you comply with tax laws. Increases in value in small businesses can qualify for the more favorable longer-term capital gains tax rate and potentially for other tax breaks. However, the current income that small business and real estate assets produce is taxed as ordinary income.

      

Short-term capital gains (investments held one year or less) are taxed at your ordinary income tax rate. This fact is another reason why you shouldn’t trade your investments quickly (within 12 months).

Reducing Your Taxes When Selling Investments

      Do your homework so you can purchase and hold on to good investments for many years and even decades. That said, each year, folks sell and trade lots of investments. Too many investors sell for the wrong reasons (while other investors hold on to investments for far too long and should sell them).

      This