Physics I For Dummies. Steven Holzner

as you can examine average and instantaneous speeds and velocities, you can also examine average and instantaneous acceleration. Average acceleration is the ratio of the change in velocity to the change in time. You calculate average acceleration, also written as , by taking the final velocity, subtracting the initial velocity, and dividing the result by the total time (final time minus the initial time):

      

At any given point, the acceleration you measure is the instantaneous acceleration, and that number can be different from the average acceleration. For example, when you first see red flashing police lights behind you, you may jam on the brakes, which gives you a big acceleration, in the direction opposite to which you’re moving (in everyday parlance, you’d say you just decelerated, but that term’s a no-no in physics circles). But you ease up on the gas pedal a little and coast to a stop, so the acceleration is smaller. The average acceleration, however, is a single value, derived by dividing the overall change in velocity by the overall time.

      

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, not speed. If a velocity’s direction changes without a change in speed, this is also a kind of acceleration.

      Taking off: Putting the acceleration formula into practice

Here’s an acceleration example. As they strap you into the jet on the aircraft carrier deck, the mechanic says you need to take off at a speed of at least 62.0 m/s. You’ll be catapulted at an acceleration of 31 m/s². Is there going to be enough catapult to do the job? You ask how long the catapult is. “A hundred meters,” says the mechanic, finishing strapping you in.

      Hmm, you think. Will an acceleration of 31 m/s² over a distance of 100 meters do the trick? You take out your clipboard and ask yourself: How far must I be accelerated at 31 m/s² to achieve a speed of 62 m/s?

      First think of the distance that you need to be accelerated over as the size of the displacement from your initial position. To find this displacement, you can use the equation , where s is the displacement, is the average velocity, and t is the time — which means you have to find the time over which you’re accelerated. For that, you can use the equation that relates change in velocity, , acceleration a, and change in time, :

      Solving for gives you

      Plugging in the numbers and solving gives you the change in time:

      Okay, so it takes 2.0 seconds for you to reach a speed of 62 m/s if your rate of acceleration is 31 m/s². Now you can use this equation to find the total distance you need to travel to get up to this speed; it is the size of the displacement, which is given by , where , , and . So your equation is

      Plugging in the numbers gives you

      So it will take 62 meters of 31 m/s² acceleration to get you to takeoff speed — and the catapult is 100 meters long. No problem.

      Understanding uniform and nonuniform acceleration

      Acceleration can be uniform or nonuniform. Nonuniform acceleration requires a change in acceleration. For example, when you’re driving, you encounter stop signs or stop lights often, and when you slow to a stop and then speed up again, you take part in nonuniform acceleration.

      Other accelerations are very uniform (in other words, unchanging), such as the acceleration due to gravity near the surface of the Earth. This acceleration is 9.8 meters per second² downward, toward the center of the Earth, and it doesn’t change (if it did, plenty of people would be pretty startled).

Relating Acceleration, Time, and Displacement

      This chapter deals with four quantities of motion: acceleration, velocity, time, and displacement. You work the standard equation relating displacement and time to get velocity:

      And you see the standard equation relating velocity and time to get acceleration:

      But both of these equations only go one level deep, relating velocity to displacement and time and acceleration to velocity and time. What if you want to relate acceleration to displacement and time? This section shows you how you can cut velocity out of the equation.

      

When you’re slinging around algebra, you may find it easier to write single quantities like v (to stand for ) rather than . You can usually turn v into later if necessary.

      Not-so-distant relations: Deriving the formula

      You relate acceleration, displacement, and time by messing around with the equations until you get what you want. First, note that displacement equals average velocity multiplied by time:

      You have a starting point. But what’s the average velocity? If your acceleration is constant, your velocity increases in a straight line from 0 to its final value, as Figure 3-4 shows.

      FIGURE 3-4: Increasing velocity under constant acceleration.

      The average velocity is half the final velocity, and you know this because there’s constant acceleration. Your final velocity is , so your average velocity is half this: