Physics I For Dummies. Steven Holzner

a swimming pool? Any physicists worth their salt can tell you the approximate pressure at the bottom if you tell them how deep the pool is. When working with fluids, you have all kinds of other quantities to measure, such as the velocity of fluids through small holes, a fluid’s density, and so on. Once again, physics responds with grace under pressure. You can read about forces in fluids in Chapter 8.

Feeling Hot but Not Bothered: Thermodynamics

      Heat and cold are parts of your everyday life. Ever take a look at the beads of condensation on a cold glass of water in a warm room? Water vapor in the air is being cooled when it touches the glass, and it condenses into liquid water. The condensing water vapor passes thermal energy to the glass, which passes thermal energy to the cold drink, which ends up getting warmer as a result.

      Thermodynamics can tell you how much heat you’re radiating away on a cold day, how many bags of ice you need to cool a lava pit, and anything else that deals with heat energy. You can also take the study of thermodynamics beyond planet Earth. Why is space cold? In a normal environment, you radiate heat to everything around you, and everything around you radiates heat back to you. But in space, your heat just radiates away, so you can freeze.

      Radiating heat is just one of the three ways heat can be transferred. You can discover plenty more about heat, whether created by a heat source like the sun or by friction, through the topics in Part 4.

Chapter 2

      Reviewing Physics Measurement and Math Fundamentals

      IN THIS CHAPTER

      

Mastering measurements (and keeping them straight as you solve equations)

      

Accounting for significant digits and possible errors

      

Brushing up on basic algebra and trig concepts

      Physics uses observations and measurements to make mental and mathematical models that explain how the world (and everything in it) works. This process is unfamiliar to most people, which is where this chapter comes in.

      This chapter covers some basic skills you need for the coming chapters. We cover measurements and scientific notation, give you a refresher on basic algebra and trigonometry, and show you which digits in a number to pay attention to — and which ones to ignore. Continue on to build a physics foundation, solid and unshakable, that you can rely on throughout this book.

Measuring the World around You and Making Predictions

      Physics excels at measuring and predicting the physical world — after all, that’s why physics exists. Measuring is the starting point — part of observing the world so you can then model and predict it. You have several different measuring sticks at your disposal: some for length, some for mass or weight, some for time, and so on. Mastering those measurements is part of mastering physics.

      Using systems of measurement

To keep like measurements together, physicists and mathematicians have grouped them into measurement systems. The most common measurement system you see in introductory physics is the meter-kilogram-second (MKS) system, referred to as SI (short for Système International d’Unités, the International System of Units), but you may also come across the foot-pound-second (FPS) system. Table 2-1 lists the primary units of measurement in the MKS system, along with their abbreviations.

TABLE 2-1 Units of Measurement in the MKS System

Measurement	Unit	Abbreviation
Length	meter	m
Mass	kilogram	kg
Time	second	s
Force	newton	N
Energy	joule	J
Pressure	pascal	Pa
Electric current	ampere	A
Magnetic flux density	tesla	T
Electric charge	coulomb	C

Because different measurement systems use different standard lengths, you can get several different numbers for one part of a problem, depending on the measurement you use. For example, if you’re measuring the depth of the water in a swimming pool, you can use the MKS measurement system, which gives you an answer in meters, or the less common FPS system, in which case you determine the depth of the water in feet. The point? When working with equations, stick with the same measurement system all the way through the problem. If you don’t, your answer will be a meaningless hodgepodge, because you’re switching measuring sticks for multiple items as you try to arrive at a single answer. Mixing up the measurements causes problems — imagine baking a cake where the recipe calls for 2 cups of flour, but you use 2 liters instead.

      From meters to inches and back again: Converting between units

      Physicists use various measurement systems to record numbers from their observations. But what happens when you have to convert between those systems? Physics problems sometimes try to trip you up here, giving you the data you need in mixed units: centimeters for this measurement but meters for that measurement — and maybe even mixing in inches as well. Don’t be fooled. You have to convert everything to the same measurement system before you can proceed. How do you convert in the easiest possible way? You use conversion factors, which we explain in this section.

      Using conversion factors

      

To convert between measurements in different measuring systems, you can multiply by a conversion factor. A conversion factor is a ratio that, when you multiply it by the item you’re converting, cancels out the units you don’t want and leaves those that you do. The conversion factor must equal 1.

      Here’s how it works: For every relation between units — for example, 24 hours = 1 day — you can make a fraction that has the value of 1. If, for example, you divide both sides of the equation 24 hours = 1