Congo Basin Hydrology, Climate, and Biogeochemistry. Группа авторов

monitoring; ...Figure 17.7 (a) 1961–2010 mean flows from the WBM base; (b) Longitudinal flo...Figure 17.8 Bathymetry calculated over the Congo.Figure 17.9 (a) Rating curves generated on the Congo; (b) Example of real‐ti...Figure 17.10 Overview of the model developed for CICOS.Figure 17.11 Electrification rates in sub‐Saharan AfricaFigure 17.12 Virtual stations and interannual mean rainfall over the Congo B...Figure 17.13 Map representation of the hydropower potential indicator over t...

      18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Location of the gauges and virtual stations used in this study. ...Figure 18.2 (left) Mean annual precipitation rate for each catchment (legend...Figure 18.3 Comparison of simulated discharges with gauge discharge from int...Figure 18.4 Comparison between simulated water levels and satellite altimetr...Figure 18.5 Comparison between simulated flooded areas (upper panels) and ma...Figure 18.6 Focus on the Cuvette Centrale: simulated maximum water extent fr...Figure 18.7 Distribution of the rating curves extracted for the CRB. Squares...Figure 18.8 Upper panel: discharge at Mbata from different sources (simulate...Figure 18.9 Discharges from satellite altimetry at VS Ubangui_Jason_248 in t...Figure 18.10 Verification of the AMHG log‐linear relationship for four river...Figure 18.11 Longitudinal profile of the Congo River based on satellite alti...Figure 18.12 Upper panel: interest points for WSE conversion into discharge ...Figure S18.1 Location of the crossings at 1.5 days apart (red arrow) of the ...Figure S18.2 Comparison of climatology (monthly means) from satellite altime...Figure S18.3 Comparison of in‐situ discharge (black dashed line) and simulat...Figure S18.4 Comparison of observed (black dashed line) and simulated (red l...Figure S18.5 Participation of each zone to the discharge at Kinshasa/Brazzav...Figure S18.6 Spatial distribution of (left) peak flow trimester and (right) ...

      19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Portes de l’Okanda in the Lopé national park.Figure 19.2 Topography and hydrographic network of the ORB. Topography data ...Figure 19.3 Annual average of rainfall in the ORB for the six decades observ...Figure 19.4 Time series of annual rainfall in the ORB (1940–1999). Annual ra...Figure 19.5 K‐means delineation of homogeneous rainfall zones in the ORB bas...Figure 19.6 Temporal variations of the standardized anomaly index of rainfal...Figure 19.7 Fall of Kongou on the Ivindo.Figure 19.8 Annual variations of the Ogooué River discharge at Lambaréné gau...Figure 19.9 Runoff coefficient of the ORB (1940–1990).Figure 19.10 Hydrographs of the Ogooué River discharge for decades from the ...Figure 19.11 Interannual variations of rainfall, river discharge and runoff ...Figure 19.12 Mean annual rainfall from SIEREM in both Ogooué river (white bo...Figure 19.13 SAI of both Ogooué River et Congo River basins between 1940 and...Figure 19.14 Standardized discharge anomalies for both Ogooué et Congo river...Figure 19.15 Hydrographs of the Ogooué River and the Congo River discharges ...

      20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Map of the Amazon (left) and Congo (right) Basins. Rivers and oc...Figure 20.2 (a) Congo River at Kinshasa‐Brazzaville discharge (Q) (grey line...Figure 20.3 van Krevelen diagrams of molecular formulae derived from river s...Figure 20.4 Linear regression between ∆14C‐DOC and biodegradable dissolved o...

      21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Map of Congo River showing 17,867 km of navigation channels (exc...Figure 21.2 Example of transport on the Congo River, composed of large barge...Figure 21.3 (a) Analysis location map with Bing aerial background; (b) Ouban...Figure 21.4 (a) The original map (showing Lukolela) by Reverend George Grenf...Figure 21.5 Schematic of geospatial analysis methodology.Figure 21.6 (a) Overlay of RVF charts (50% transparency) on Bing aerial show...Figure 21.7 (a) Study reach showing deposition and erosion, and net depositi...Figure 21.8 Net deposition as a function of effective width, with estimated ...Figure 21.9 Change of mean daily hydrological regimes by homogeneous flow pe...

      22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Framework for implementation of sediment sampling program in the...Figure 22.2 Congo River Basin showing major river tributaries with a special...Figure 22.3 Average monthly discharge at five key gauging sites within the C...Figure 22.4 (a) Land cover map of the Kasai showing six major land use categ...Figure 22.5 Sites examined for possible location of the sediment sampling st...Figure 22.6 (a) Relatively stable bank conditions observed at Kutu‐Moke on t...Figure 22.7 From left to right bank, a detailed cross‐section bathymetry of ...Figure 22.8 (a) Wooden shed construction and suction line casing installatio...Figure 22.9 Plan showing the final layout of the Sediment Sampling Station a...Figure 22.10 Cross‐section diagram of sampling and measurement equipment ins...Figure 22.11 Satellite image showing variability in material concentration a...Figure 22.12 Total monthly areal rainfall in the Kasai, Kwango, and Kwilu su...Figure 22.13 Hydrograph of the Kasai River at Kutu‐Moke drawn from daily gau...Figure 22.14 Sonar tracking line used to develop cross‐section bathymetry an...Figure 22.15 (a) ISCO shed at low flow during installation, September 2017; ...

      23 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Main hydrographic features of the CRB.Figure 23.2 Study reach and locations of measurements (Chainage calculated f...Figure 23.3 Real‐time ADCP Transect (3 km river width) recorded using WinRiv...Figure 23.4 Google image of ADCP measurements involving a multi‐thread. Sour...Figure 23.5 GNSS‐Trimble set up for continuous (left) and static (right) WSE...Figure 23.6 Design of a concrete housing structure of the WLL (N’sele tribut...Figure 23.7 Depth averaged velocity and velocity magnitudes (cm/s) for four ...Figure 23.8 Measured discharge, channel hydraulic depth, and velocity for 29...Figure 23.9 Measured discharge, channel width, and wetted area for 29 cross ...Figure 23.10 Location of Lake Tumba; red hashtag represents the WLL and ADCP...Figure 23.11 Hydraulic characteristics of Lake Tumba‐Congo River channel at ...Figure 23.12 Raster map representing 25,088 continuous points of WSE recorde...Figure 23.13 Water surface profile drawn from the WSE measurement at 5‐km in...

      24 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Physiographic setting of the Congo River Basin.Figure 24.2 A conceptual framework of catchment classification for the CRB....Figure 24.3 Frequency distribution of the elevation structure in the CRB fro...Figure 24.4 Hierarchical levels of rivers in the CRB based on Strahler order...Figure 24.5 An excerpt of the application of the approach for the Malebo Poo...Figure 24.6 Features of mining and urban areas included in catchment delinea...Figure 24.7 Illustration of second (Left) and third (Right) levels catchment...Figure 24.8 An excerpt of the identified river names within the CRB.Figure 24.9 Pearson correlation matrix of the 26 variables of the physical b...Figure 24.10 PCA ordination bi‐plots for 15 variables of physical basin attr...Figure 24.11 Correlation matrix (Pearson (n)) showing relationships between ...Figure 24.12 First‐level partition of catchment units along the elevation (l...Figure 24.13 Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDF) forms across the domina...Figure 24.14 Patterns of different geomorphological groups and forms associa...Figure 24.15 Variant forms of catchments characterized by concave shaped CDF...Figure 24.16 Map of the corresponding wetlands and natural lakes catchments ...Figure 24.17 Spatial distribution of 403 catchment units including socioecon...Figure 24.18 Spatial distribution of 1,740 catchment units including the thr...Figure 24.19 Graphical representation of 11 groups of homogenous physiograph...Figure 24.20 A dendrogram of the 11 groups of homogenous physiographic setti...Figure 24.21 Parallel coordinate plot of the 11 groups of homogenous physiog...Figure 24.22 Overall contribution of the main variables to the average simil...

      25 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 “TRANSAQUA” project, an idea for the Sahel.Figure 25.2 The two water transfer scenarios proposed by CIMA International....Figure 25.3 Evolution of the water surface of Lake Chad between 1970–2015....Figure 25.4 Average flow trend of Ubangui on both sides from 1970 to the Ban...Figure 25.5 Ubangui morphosedimentary responses to interannual fluctuations ...Figure 25.6 The Ubangui watershed.

      26 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 Landscapes of Lake Chad since the late 1990sFigure 26.2 Observed and/or simulated evolution of the flooded surface of th...

      27 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Congo River Basin.Figure 27.2 Rainfall and Congo River flow pattern. Grey indicates location f...Figure 27.3 Flood risk analysis framework (modified from Bizimana & Schillin...Figure 27.4 100‐year‐return period flood hazard map at specific locations...Figure 27.5 Land cover types illustrated by Kinshasa and Brazzaville.Figure 27.6 River network, terrain, and population pixel distribution illust...Figure 27.7 Congo Basin countries with 525 second level administrative subdi...Figure 27.8 Town level maps, showing spatial representation of infrastructur...Figure 27.9 (1) Congo basin fluvial flood map for 5, 10, 20, 50, 75, 100‐yea...Figure 27.10 Overlap of model output extent for return period flood of 50 ye...Figure 27.11 100‐year‐return period flood and exposed infrastructure in the ...Figure 27.12