Application of Nanotechnology in Mining Processes. Группа авторов

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      ISBN 978-1-119-86499-8

      Cover image: Pixaby.Com Cover design by Russell Richardson

      Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

      Printed in the USA

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      Preface

      Nanotechnology, initially expected to revolutionize processes in industries, has affected fields in engineering in different ways. For example, the application of nanotechnology in mining processes such as minerals processing and hydrometallurgy has received limited attention so far.

      Mining plays a vital role in the economic development of many countries around the world; it is, therefore, understandable that the technologies applied in mining must ensure cost-effective recovery of values from the ore and minimize the impact of processes on the environment. After extraction of ore minerals, they must be separated from the gangue to be processed for metal extraction via a process such as hydrometallurgy which is less energy demanding and has a limited impact on the environment. Although hydrometallurgy has less impact on the environment than pyrometallurgy, the former still contributes to the discharge of solid wastes containing residual sulphide minerals that can be oxidized to form acid mine drainage in the environment. However, little research has been reported on the application of nanotechnology in three mining processes, vis mineral processing (concentration through flotation), hydrometallurgy (concentration or purification of metals loaded solution) and management of mining liquid wastes to minimize environmental impact.

      Ore minerals are generally dispersed in a large volume of gangue minerals, requiring therefore that the rock is crushed to small particles for the beneficiation of valuable minerals through froth flotation, which consists of the floatation of crushed particles in an aqueous solution containing “collector chemical” that can attach to the valuable particles allowing them to remain at the top of bubbling solution and making easier to skim them off. In conventional froth flotation, air bubbles are relatively large and less stable; recent findings have shown that the application of nanoflotation can considerably improve the separation of valuable minerals from gangue minerals through the use of hydrophobic nanoparticles or the formation of nanobubbles using special dispersing pumps.

The concentration and purification processes in hydrometallurgy often require selective extraction from solution. However, conventional techniques such as ion exchange and solvent extraction still have low efficiencies. For example, solvent extraction often results in an unpure solution due to poor coalescence of the organic solvent, which contaminates the aqueous solution, also resulting in the loss of expensive reagents. In contrast, conventional semipermeable membranes made of aggregates of polymers and ion exchangers tend to be non-selective because the absence of atomistic control limits sufficient exposure of sidechains to the solution. Recently, nanoscale supramolecular hosts exhibiting selective, high-capacity and recyclable adsorption potential have been developed and applied to extract metals from leachates or pregnant solutions with great success.

      One major impact of mining activities on the environment is the formation of acid mine drainage, a very acidic solution rich in metals that can negatively affect aquatic life. One of the approaches to remediate AMD pollution often consists of removing metals using nano-adsorbents with a very large surface area and, therefore, high adsorption capacity. These nano-adsorbents are also used to extract and separate rare earth elements (REE) from mine effluents. In addition, a new approach focusing on the circular economy promotes the valorization of mine wastes such as AMD, resulting in the production of nano-based materials with economic values.

      This book presents nine specialized chapters that focus on applying nanoflotation to improve mineral processing, effective extraction of metals from leachates or pregnant solutions using nanoscale supramolecular hosts, and development of nano-adsorbents or nano-based strategies for the remediation or valorization of AMD.

      The editors and the publisher are grateful to the reviewers who have contributed to improving the quality of the book through their constructive comments. The editors also thank the publisher for including this book in their portfolio.

This book will be of interest to researchers from the fields of Environment, Chemistry, Engineering, Mineral processing, Hydrometallurgy and Geochemistry, engineers and environmentalists from the mining industry, as well as the environmental policies makers mostly in the public sector, to name a few. Furthermore, it is our wish that this book assists the readers in improving their experimental and operational processes by implementing the ideas disseminated in the various chapters of this book.

       Elvis Fosso-KankeuMartin Mkandawire Bhekie B. Mamba January 2022

      1

      Modified Dendrimer Nanoparticles for Effective and Sustainable Recovery of Rare Earth Element from Acid Rock Drainage

       Anyik John Leo1,2*, Innocentia Gugulethu Erdogan1,3, Frans B. Waanders1, Martin Mkandawire1,2, Thabo T.I Nkambule4, Bhekie B. Mamba4 and Elvis Fosso-Kankeu4,5

       ¹ Water Pollution Monitoring and Remediation Initiatives Research Group, School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa

       ² Solid-State Research Group, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Canada

       ³ Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Chemical Engineering Department, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa

       ⁴ Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science Engineering and Technology (CSET), University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa

       ⁵ Department of Electrical and Mining Engineering, College of Science Engineering and Technology (CSET), University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa

       Abstract

Mining supplies key resources necessary for technological advancement to ameliorate challenges imposed by the increase in the human population worldwide. One of the legacies of mining resources is the formation and discharge of acid mine drainage (AMD) during and even after active mining. It is a major environmental concern because it enhances the dissolution and increases the dispersion of contaminants, mostly toxic metals, in the environment. Many countries have now adopted or promulgated legislation that requires mining operators to treat and manage the formation of AMD, costing them a fortune from their profits. AMD can be an alternative source of valuable rare earth elements (REE), but the currently available extraction methods of REE from AMD are inefficient and costly, exceeding by many folds their conventional extraction from ores. Thus, there has been a growing effort to develop a novel and cost-effective method to recover REEs from AMD, in which extraction using polymeric nanomaterials, like Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, are growing in prominence. PAMAM dendrimers nanoparticles have high adsorption capacity, contributing highly to metal recovery from most wastewater. However, their application in the recovery of REEs from AMD is hampered by the low pH of the AMD, which protonates the amine functional groups forming cationic charges on the surfaces of the dendrimer nanoparticles. Therefore, designing these materials to adsorb metal ions in an acidic solution is paramount for treating AMD. This chapter discusses designing a cost-effective method for the recovery of REEs from AMD after alkaline treatment, using surface-functionalized magnetic PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles.