Essential Cases in Head and Neck Oncology. Группа авторов

denies.

       Any throat pain? Patient denies.

       Any ear pain? Patient denies.

       Any skin changes over the mass? Patient denies. Erythema or induration could indicate extranodal extension of a malignancy or an infectious etiology (e.g., scrofula).

       Has he received any treatment for this? Patient denies.

      Past Medical History

      None.

      Past Surgical History

      None.

      Social History

      Nonsmoker.

      Physical Examination

      Well‐developed male in no distress. Voice strong.

      Skin: no suspicious lesions.

      Oral cavity examination shows teeth in good condition. No lesions seen or palpated.

      Oropharynx: slight fullness of the right tonsil. Difficult to palpate due to gag reflex.

      Cervical exam: firm, 3 cm right level IIA neck mass that is mobile on palpation. Salivary gland exam is normal. No other neck masses.

      Cranial nerves II–XII intact.

Flexible laryngoscopy is performed and is pictured below (see Figure 9.1).

      Management

       Question: Which of the following would be appropriate options in the management of this patient?

FIGURE 9.1 This image from a transnasal fiberoptic laryngoscopy shows no obvious primary lesion. The true vocal folds are fully mobile, bilaterally.

       CT with contrast or MRI: yes/no. A contrast‐enhanced CT or MRI of the neck should also be ordered to characterize the suspected primary neoplastic site, identify regional anatomy and extent of regional nodal disease. CT allows for rapid image acquisition with less motion artifact and also evaluates for bone erosion (see Figure 9.2). MRI provides improved soft tissue detail for tumors with deep tongue and/or parapharyngeal space extension and also may be helpful in identifying perineural invasion.

       Fine needle aspiration of neck mass: yes/no. Determination of etiology may hinge on cytologic identification of malignancy through fine needle aspiration of an enlarged lymph node. Fine needle aspiration is safe, cost‐effective, and highly accurate (sensitivity 89.6%, specificity 96.5%, positive predictive value 96.2%, and negative predictive value 90.3%).

       PET/CT imaging: yes/no. A PET/CT may be requested in appropriately selected patients after a diagnosis of malignancy has been established as it may help guide the workup for the primary lesion. It is primarily indicated in patients with significant cervical nodal disease and/or in those patients with no identifiable primary lesion (see Figure 9.3).

       Antibiotic treatment for 2 weeks, followed by repeat examination: yes/no. A persistent neck mass in older adults that persists for greater than 2 weeks or is of uncertain duration should raise significant concern for underlying malignancy. Other concerning features associated with the presentation include absence of infectious etiology, firm consistency, neck mass >1.5 cm, and tonsil asymmetry. Patients who present with neck masses and high suspicion for underlying malignancy should not be routinely offered antibiotics unless there are signs and symptoms of bacterial infection.FIGURE 9.2 A contrast‐enhanced CT of the neck demonstrates a solitary, enlarged, partially cystic right level II cervical lymph node. CT exam of the oropharynx is obscured by dental artifact.FIGURE 9.3 A PET/CT demonstrates no distant metastatic sites but shows focal uptake in the right palatine tonsil and in the solitary right level II cervical lymph node.

       Open incisional biopsy of right neck mass: yes/no. Incisional biopsy of neck masses should be avoided in favor of fine needle aspiration. In some circumstances, an excisional biopsy of a neck mass may be considered when diagnosis remains elusive despite appropriate clinical examination, imaging, fine needle aspiration cytology, comprehensive examination under anesthesia, and biopsy of alternative sites including sites suspected to harbor a primary neoplasm do not provide a definitive diagnosis. If an open biopsy is needed, the patient should also be consented for a neck dissection if the frozen section shows carcinoma.

      A fine needle aspiration of the neck mass reveals the diagnosis of SCC with basaloid appearing cells in a background of necrosis.

       Question: What is the next appropriate ancillary test for this patient?

Answer: p16 expression tested by IHC is widely available, cost‐sensitive and a reliable surrogate for HPV status (sensitivity 94–97%, specificity 83–84%). The AJCC 8th Edition uses p16 status as the agreed upon biomarker to determine TNM class and prognostic stage grouping specific to HPV‐associated oropharyngeal SCCs (OPSCC). Distinction between p16 posi tive (defined as >70% nuclear and cytoplasmic staining on IHC) and p16 negative OPSCC is critical to choosing the appropriate staging schema and determination of prognosis. The p16 IHC and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based assays have high sensitivity, although ISH boasts the highest specificity. Epstein–Barr virus testing should be considered for patients presenting with suspected nasopharyngeal carcinoma and patients with unknown primary site where nasopharyngeal malignancy is part of the differential diagnosis.

      This Patient undergoes panendoscopy and biopsy from tonsil reveals invasive SCC.

IHC test for p16 suggests >70% positive nuclear and cytoplasmic staining (Figure 9.4). On palpation in the OR, the tumor lesion is limited to the tonsil and the base of tongue is soft and without evidence of tumor. A biopsy of the base of tongue adjacent to the tonsil primary is negative for carcinoma.

FIGURE 9.4 Histologic images of a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with >70% nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for p16.

       Question: What is the most appropriate stage assignment?

      Answer: cT1N1M0, prognostic stage I. The demographics of patients affected by p16+ OPSCC are distinct from those affected by p16 negative OPSCC. Patients affected by p16+ OPSCC are often younger, have limited or no exposure to tobacco and alcohol, and have fewer comorbidities compared to patients affected by p16 negative disease. These tumors also are significantly more responsive to radiotherapy. As a result, the prognosis of patients with p16+ OPSCC is markedly better. A study by Ang et al. (2010) highlighted that tumor HPV status is a strong, independent prognostic factor for survival in OPSCC (3‐year overall survival for patients with HPV‐positive tumors was 82.4% vs. 57.1% for patients with HPV‐negative tumors, P < 0.001, and HPV‐positive tumors were associated with a 58% reduction in the risk of death [hazard ratio, 0.42; 95%