Essential Cases in Head and Neck Oncology. Группа авторов

microstomia.

       The Bernard and Webster flaps recruit tissue from the cheek and buccal mucosa to reconstruct the lower lip and are therefore ideal for total or subtotal lip defects.

       SLNB has been shown to be feasible and effective in patients with lip tumors who may be at high risk of metastases based on tumor size and depth.

       Due to extensive lymphatic drainage from the upper lip and commissure, tumors of these subsites have a higher incidence of lymph node metastases at the time of diagnosis.

CASE 6

      Ian Ganly

      Presentation

A 45‐year‐old man presents with a soft tissue swelling of the left hard palate and soft palate. He denies pain. The patient had previously been seen by his dentist, who initiated a course of antibiotics with no effect. The patient was referred for further investigation. Examination showed a diffuse swelling of the hard palate as shown in Figure 6.1.

FIGURE 6.1 This transoral photograph shows mild submucosal fullness of the left aspect of the hard palate.

       Question: What are the differential diagnoses for this mass?

      Answer: Hard palate tumors are rare. The differential includes ameloblastoma, odontogenic keratocyst, and lymphoma, among others. However, the most common pathologies are minor salivary gland tumors.

       Question: What is the most common minor salivary tumor in the oral cavity?

      Answer: The most common minor salivary tumor of the oral cavity is mucoepidermoid carcinoma, followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma.

       Question: What would you recommend next? What further investigations should be done for this patient?

      Answer: Tissue diagnosis is the next step. Fine needle aspirate will most likely determine if this is a malignant versus benign tumor. However, core needle biopsy is often needed due to the heterogeneity in salivary gland pathology to establish the exact pathological diagnosis.

      A contrast CT scan is a very reasonable first imaging study to determine the extent of bone invasion of the hard palate and upper alveolus and will determine if any neural foramens are widened in keeping with perineural invasion. An MRI scan might be necessary and is used more often to determine the extent of soft tissue invasion and to determine if any perineural invasion is present. MRI is also helpful in distinguishing between different salivary tumors.

A core biopsy was done and reported as adenoid cystic carcinoma. A CT scan and MRI scan were done. The results of the MRI scan are shown in Figure 6.2.

FIGURE 6.2 An axial T1‐weighted MRI image without contrast (a) and a coronal T1‐weighted MRI with contrast (b) show an enhancing submucosal lesion of the left hard palate.

       Question: What are the pertinent findings in MRI on your review?

      Answer: The MRI shows widening of the palatine canal, which is most likely due to the perineural invasion of the greater palatine nerve.

       Question: What is the recommended management for this patient?

      Answer: Adenoid cystic carcinoma is best managed by wide surgical resection followed by adjuvant radiation unless the tumor is considered unresectable. In this particular case, the extent of perineural invasion was limited to the greater palatine nerve with no extension to the skull base or cavernous sinus. The tumor was, therefore, deemed to be resectable. Due to the presence of perineural invasion and high incidence of positive margins in adenoid cystic cancer, adjuvant radiotherapy is recommended in the majority of cases to improve local control.

       Question: What is the extent of surgery? What approach would you recommend?

Answer: Based on the extent of the tumor on imaging and exam, peroral left infrastructure maxillectomy with resection of the hard palate, upper alveolus incorporating the palatine canal, and pterygoid plates appears to be a reasonable approach. The steps involved in the surgery are summarized in Figure 6.3.

      An infrastructure maxillectomy is started by completing mucosal cuts to allow for at least a 1 cm soft tissue margin around the visible and palpable tumor. The next steps in the maxillectomy are accomplished by performing bone cuts. This is first done through the use of an oscillating saw. Due to the risk for bleeding, the posterior cut is often saved for last and is accomplished by the use of a curved osteotome followed by heavy curved scissors.

       Question: What would you recommend for rehabilitation or reconstruction of this defect?

Answer: This patient could be rehabilitated with a dental obturator. The obturator allows for inspection of the resection site as well as for dental rehabilitation. The main disadvantage is the inability to eat without the prosthesis and nasal speech. An alternative method is with a free radial forearm flap, which allows for eating without a prosthesis and normal speech. However, a dental plate with teeth is still required for dental rehabilitation. In this particular case, a free radial forearm flap was used with donor vessels arising from the facial artery (see Figure 6.4).

      Final pathology showed adenoid cystic carcinoma, predominantly tubular, 3.5 cm, no bone invasion, but with gross perineural invasion into the greater palatine nerve. All margins are free of tumor.

      

FIGURE 6.3 These intraoperative images show the surgical approach transorally and the resulting maxillectomy defect as well as the associated specimen.

FIGURE 6.4 This intraoperative photo shows the palate defect after reconstruction using a radial forearm free flap. An alternative approach would have been a maxillary obturator given the preservation of the ipsilateral canine tooth and adequate contralateral maxillary dentition.