Psychological Analysis. Adam Sarhan

Everyone else is confused, lost, or just dabbles in different things. In order to thrive on Wall Street, I strongly recommend that you define yourself and learn how to master one specific style, and resist the temptation to be a jack of all trades. This chapter is intended to help give you clarity, cover some basic concepts, help you define yourself, explain timeframes in the market, and give you a strong foundation to succeed.

      There are many financial markets in the world, some private and some public. For the scope of this book, I will be talking about free publicly traded markets. There are free, publicly traded markets for every major type of asset class: commodities, bonds, derivatives, and currencies—and then there are equities markets, also known as stock markets. Virtually every major country in the world hosts a financial exchange (a stock market) but, for the purpose of this book, when I talk about “the stock market” or simply “the market,” I will be referring to the U.S. stock market. As of this writing, the two major U.S. stock markets (the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq) combined represent about 46% of the global equities market.

      Markets are undoubtedly complicated, and traders and investors can spend a lifetime learning all their subtle nuances. However, whether you're buying shares of Amazon on Nasdaq or selling sunflower seed futures on the South African SAFEX, all markets share some core principles.

      At the most basic level, the market consists of buyers and sellers. For every trade you make, there is someone on the other side. If you're buying, someone else must be selling. If you're selling, there must be a buyer. While everyone has their own independent motivations for why they take an action in the market, you can bet that the one universal constant is that every trader hopes to make money.

      At first, looking at stock charts can be confusing, but it's important to understand that there are only three ways a market can move: up, down, or sideways. That's it. It doesn't matter if you are buying shares of the hottest tech stock, real estate, crude oil—or anything else freely traded in a market; at the most basic level, every market in the world, private or public, can only move up, down, or sideways.

      Armed with that knowledge, traders can take only three actions in any market: they can buy, sell, or hold. Sure, there are different mechanisms for making a trade or triggering an action, but despite all the perceived complications—the frantic action on the trading floor, the near‐light‐speed fervor of high‐frequency computer trading—ultimately, the only actions of consequence in any market are buying, selling, or holding.

      To put it all into perspective, buyers and sellers interact in a market where asset prices go either up, down, or sideways, and they either buy, sell, or hold those assets. That's it. Everything else comes second.

It is also important to remember that the market does not care about you. The market is not your mommy. The market is neutral and does not have an agenda. It is not here to cuddle you or make you feel good (or bad, for that matter). It just exists. It will open and close whether you decide to trade or stay on the sidelines. If you want a friend, get a dog. If you want to feel good, call your mother. The market is famous for humbling even the most confident traders, and it doesn't owe you anything. It doesn't know you, and it doesn't care who you are.

      Also, it's important to understand that markets are counterintuitive in nature. The basic way we are programmed to operate in the world doesn't work in this business. Most people are taught to live in a box, follow rules, obey someone else, and become what I call a George Jetson (from the old cartoon, where the main character just pushed the same button over and over for eight hours and then went home). To be successful in this business, you must learn how to think and act independently. That's not easy because people are social creatures and there is a “safety” in numbers (following the herd/crowd).

      People crave certainty, but markets, by definition, are uncertain. You've got to get used to this fact if you're going to be a trader. People also like to contribute or feel like they are accomplishing something or helping in some capacity. Literally, there's nothing that you can do in the market to help it. Just like the ocean, there's nothing you can do by standing on the shore hitting the waves that will impact the ocean. The same with the market. Each trade is akin to hitting a wave or tossing a stone into an ocean.

MARKET LEXICON

      Traders share a common vocabulary that describes the market, and before we get into a discussion of trading philosophies and market strategies, it's a good idea to define a few key trading terms so you can become more familiar with the lingo.

      Are You Long or Short?

The term “long” means that you take a position in the market that will appreciate if the market goes up. On the other hand, “short” refers to a position that will make money if the market declines. Trading options is a common way to take a position, and the existence of mechanisms for speculators to take both short and long positions means that it's possible to profit in both bull (up) and bear (down) markets.

      Bull and Bear Markets

      A “bull market” refers to a market that is trending higher, and a “bear market” refers to a market that is declining. Most bull markets last five to 10 years while most bear markets are shorter, lasting on average about one to three years. It is important to note that, most of the time, the U.S. stock market tends to be bullish, meaning it has a very strong upward bias—a phenomenon Warren Buffett calls the American Tailwind.

      The following chart, from an article by Thomas Franck, courtesy of CNBC.com and S&P Dow Jones Indices, shows you prior bull and bear markets before March 2020.

      Source: Adapted from Thomas Franck, “A Look at Bear and Bull Markets Through History,” CNBC, March 14, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/14/a-look-at-bear-and-bull-markets-through-history.html.

      The following chart shows the big crashes. As you can see, most bear markets are shorter in nature and tend to last nine to 36 months or so. Now let's talk about orders.

Source: Adapted from Thomas Franck, “A Look at Bear and Bull Markets Through History,” CNBC, March 14, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/14/a-look-at-bear-and-bull-markets-through-history.html.

      Orders

      There are many ways you can enter and exit a position. Some of the basic ways are listed here, but I strongly recommend that you ask your broker what their terminology is for placing orders and ask them to give you examples for each order before placing any trades.

      Market Order: A market order means that you want to buy or sell immediately at the best available price. A note of caution: If the market is trading in large ranges, you might have a bad fill, meaning the transaction occurred at a different price than you had hoped for. Perhaps a buyer wanted to fill an order at $50 per share, but by the time the order was processed, the stock was trading at $51. The difference between where you want to get filled and where you are actually filled is called slippage. A fill refers to where your order is executed (or where it was “filled”).

Limit Order: A limit order is used to buy or sell an asset at a specific price or better. Here's how it works in layman's terms: if the market price is $20 and you place a limit order to buy at $19, then your order will be executed at $19 or lower. Meaning, if the stock goes up and never touches $19, that order will not be filled. By definition, a buy limit order can only be filled at the limit