Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Physics, Instrumentation, and Radiation Biology. Rachel A. Powsner

      30  Index

      31  End User License Agreement

      List of Tables

      1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Properties of the subatomic particlesTable 1.2 Conversion values for units of radioactivity

      2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Predominant photon interactions in common materials at diagnostic...Table 2.2 HVL and TVL of lead for photons of common medical nuclides

      3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Characteristics of three commonly used generators

      4 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Common positron‐emitting nuclides [1]Table 8.2 Some of the available PET radiopharmaceuticalsTable 8.3 Properties of crystals used for PET imaging

      5 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Radiation weighting factors (W_R) for ionizing radiationTable 15.2 Quantities and units used in nuclear medicineTable 15.3 Radiosensitivity of cell typesTable 15.4 Organ toxicity from acute exposureTable 15.5 Radiosensitivity of the human embryo and fetus up to week 25

      6 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Part of the estimated dosimetry for¹⁸F‐FDGTable 16.2 Hypothetical physical, biologic, and effective half‐livesTable 16.3 Sample physical, biologic, and effective half‐livesTable 16.4 Tissue weighting factors (W_T)

      7 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Terms used to describe radiation exposure^aTable 17.2 NRC radiation dose equivalent limits for occupational exposure (...Table 17.3 General guidance for differentiating minor versus major spills^a...Table 17.4 Sample recommended times to discontinue breast‐feeding following...

      8 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Selected radionuclides used for occupational applications and/or...Table 19.2 Signs, symptoms, and recommended disposition of exposed patientsTable 19.3 Estimated local radiation dose and recommended patient managemen...

      9 3Table D.1 Selected sections of 10CFR Parts 19, 20, 35, and NUREG‐1556, Vol. 9

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Electrostatic charge.Figure 1.2 The NaCl molecule is the smallest unit of salt that retains the c...Figure 1.3 Periodic table.Figure 1.4 Flat atom. The standard two‐dimensional drawing of atomic structu...Figure 1.5 An electron shell is a representation of the energy level associa...Figure 1.6 K, L, and M electron shells.Figure 1.7 Electron orbitals and sub‐orbitals. (a) s orbital, (b) p suborbit...Figure 1.8 The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and neutrons.Figure 1.9 Nuclear binding force is strong enough to overcome the electrical...Figure 1.10 Standard atomic notation.Figure 1.11 Nuclides of the same atomic number but different atomic mass are...Figure 1.12 Combinations of neutrons and protons that can coexist in a stabl...Figure 1.13 Alpha decay.Figure 1.14 Fission of a ²³⁵U nucleus.Figure 1.15 β^– (negatron) decay.Figure 1.16 β⁺ (positron) decay.Figure 1.17 Beta emissions (both β^– and β⁺) are ejected from the nucle...Figure 1.18 Electron capture.Figure 1.19 Isomeric transition. Excess nuclear energy is carried off as a g...Figure 1.20 Internal conversion. As an alternative to gamma emission, it can...Figure 1.21 Decay schematics.Figure 1.22 Decay schemes showing principal transitions for technetium‐99m, ...Figure 1.23 Decay curve. Note the progressive replacement of radioactive ato...

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Predominant type of interaction for various combinations of incid...Figure 2.2 Compton scattering.Figure 2.3 Angle of photon scattering.Figure 2.4 Photoelectric effect.Figure 2.5 Attenuation.Figure 2.6 The amount of attenuation of a photon beam is dependent on the ph...Figure 2.7 Penetrating radiation and nonpenetrating radiation.Figure 2.8 Excitation and de‐excitation.Figure 2.9 Ionization. The ejected electron and the positively charged atom ...Figure 2.10 Particle range in an absorber.Figure 2.11 Annihilation reaction.Figure 2.12 Einstein’s theory of the equivalence of energy and mass.Figure 2.13 Bremsstrahlung. Beta particles (β^–) and positrons (β⁺) tha...Figure 2.14 Bremsstrahlung X‐ray energies increase with increasing proximity...Figure 2.15 Bremsstrahlung X‐ray energies vary from near zero to the maximum...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 ⁹⁹mTechnetium generator.Figure 3.2 Transient equilibrium.Figure 3.3 Transient equilibrium in a ⁹⁹Mo–^99mTc generator.Figure 3.4 Secular equilibrium.Figure 3.5 Cyclotron.Figure 3.6 Schematic of a nuclear reactor.Figure 3.7 Chain reaction involving ²³⁵U