Energy. Группа авторов

book ‘Energy Crises, Challenges, and Solutions’ aims to highlight problems and solutions related to conventional energy utilization, formation, and multitudes of ecological impacts and tools for the conservation of fossil fuels. The book also discusses modern energy services as one of the sustainable development goals and how the pressure on resource energy disturbs the natural flows. The book covers holistic issues related to energy and its contribution in triggering climate change and replenishing fossil fuel, emphasizing fossil fuel conservation and thus nature recovery. The compilation also highlights direct and indirect implications on different sectors. Many policies and legislations have been documented, but still, energy‐related problems cannot be checked. This book helps identify these gaps, especially in the developed region. It benefits researchers and all other sectors and stakeholders, students, industries, and governmental agencies directly or indirectly associated with energy research.

      We are highly delighted and express our gratitude to all the authors for their outstanding cooperation towards the compilation of this book. We also extend our sincere thanks to all the reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments, which have helped us tremendously prepare this book. We also thank Wiley Publication, Andrew, Rosie, and Shiji for their generous support and efforts.

      Editors

      Pardeep Singh, Suruchi Singh, Gaurav Kumar, and Pooja Baweja

      List of Contributors

      Ambika Department of Chemistry Hansraj College University of Delhi New Delhi, India

      Shachi Agrawal Department of Botany Gargi College University of Delhi New Delhi, India

      Md Faiz Ahmad School of Management Malla Reddy University Hyderabad, Telangana, India

      Nagendra Kumar Chandrawanshi School of Studies in Biotechnology Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur (C.G.) Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

      Md Rashid Farooqi Department of Commerce and Management Maulana Azad National Urdu University Hyderabad, Telangana, India

      S.K. Jadhav School of Studies in Biotechnology Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur (C.G.) Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

      Deepali Koreti School of Studies in Biotechnology Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur (C.G.) Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

      Anjali Kosre School of Studies in Biotechnology Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur (C.G.) Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

      Shriram Kunjam Department of Botany Govt. V. Y. T. Autonomous P.G. College Durg (C.G.) Durg, Chhattisgarh, India

Pramod Kumar Mahish Department of Biotechnology Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P.G. College Rajnandgaon (C.G.) Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India

      Prem Lata Meena Department of Polymer Science Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences University of Delhi Dwarka, New Delhi, India

      Shikha Menani Department of Commerce PGDAV College University of Delhi New Delhi, India

      Anita Narang Department of Botany Acharya Narendra Dev College University of Delhi New Delhi, India

      Aparna Nautiyal Department of Botany Deshbandhu College University of Delhi New Delhi, India;i‐4 Centre Deshbandhu College University of Delhi New Delhi, India

      Akhlaqur Rahman District Institute of Education and Training Bihar Education Service Patna, Bihar, India

      Ayyagari Ramlal Division of Genetics ICAR – Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) Pusa, New Delhi, India

      Sumit Sahni Department of Botany Acharya Narendra Dev College University of Delhi New Delhi, India

      Anirudh Sehrawat University School of Environment Management Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Dwarka, New Delhi, India

      Pooja Sharma Daulat Ram College University of Delhi New Delhi, India

      Sandeepa Singh Department of Botany Maitreyi College University of Delhi New Delhi, India

      Manoj Kumar Singh Department of Botany Acharya Narendra Dev College University of Delhi New Delhi, India

      Pradeep Pratap Singh Department of Chemistry Swami Shraddhanand College University of Delhi New Delhi, India

      Renu Soni Department of Botany Gargi College University of Delhi New Delhi, India

      Supriya Disaster Management Professional Sitamarhi, Bihar, India

Sudakshina Tiwari School of Studies in Biotechnology Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur (C.G.) Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

      Jyoti Tyagi Department of Chemistry Zakir Husain Delhi College University of Delhi New Delhi, India

      Maya Verma Department of Physics Hansraj College University of Delhi New Delhi, India

      Vinay University School of Environment Management Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Dwarka, New Delhi, India

      Kiran Yadav Department of Commerce PGDAV College University of Delhi New Delhi, India

1 Energy Crisis and Climate Change: Global Concerns and Their Solutions

       Sandeepa Singh

       Department of Botany, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

1.1 Introduction

      The energy system needs substantial decarbonization to combat climate change (Fawzy et al. 2020). However, climate change itself is often affected by energy system components that include long‐term variations in climate parameters, instability and extreme weather situations (Field et al. 2014). Energy security and climate change are also genuine global issues, which also surface worldwide public policy debates. Significant international attempts to examine climate change policies have been undertaken in the past, in order to make them more conducive to the cause (Helm and Hepburn 2009; Giddens 2011; Held et al. 2011). In this ever‐changing research area, it is vital to review literature that quantifies impacts and evaluates how this information is used to develop energy systems models.

      Multiple‐source energy use has always been a primary factor in human survival and civilizational growth. When comparing our ancestors’ energy consumption quantity and trend with modern society, significant changes can be observed. Hunter‐gatherer men’s daily energy needs were about 2500 kcal before the arrival of modern agricultural techniques to sustain their nutrition, storage and reproduction, while modern man’s requirements may exceed more than 100 times their ancestors, depending on their carbon footprint (Dias 2006; WWF 2006). As his key energy source for around 500,000 years, the prehistoric man primarily used food and fire from dry biomass burning. Besides providing heat, light and fuel for cooking, fire became the main defence and cold protection device. Subsequently, people started to spend their resources on land production, and energy use became more complex so that long farming cycles dominated short hunting and gathering times. Hence, a significant advance towards civilization and urban formation was the age of energy that started with fire and firewood and extended into food energy production developments. Both fire and wood were renewable biomass sources during this time.

Moreover, at the beginning of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the invention of steam engines by James Watt allowed the industrial revolution to flourish by using non‐renewable energy resources, especially ‘fossil fuels’, which included natural gas, oil and coal. Fossil fuels have been the key drivers of twenty‐first‐century economic growth from an energy perspective. However, the heavy use of fossil fuels has created some severe environmental issues since the start of the industrial revolution, including