Supercharge, Invasion, and Mudcake Growth in Downhole Applications. Группа авторов

has more than four dozen domestic and international patents to his credit, and has published over one hundred journal articles, in the areas of reservoir engineering, formation testing, well logging, measurement while drilling, and drilling and cementing rheology.

      Submission to the series: Phil Carmical, Publisher Scrivener Publishing [phone] [email protected]

      Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

      Supercharge, Invasion and Mudcake Growth in Downhole Applications

      by

       Tao Lu

       Xiaofei Qin

       Yongren Feng

       Yanmin Zhou

      and

       Wilson Chin

      This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

      © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC

      For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

       Wiley Global Headquarters

      111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

      For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

       Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

      While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

       Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      ISBN 978-1-119-28332-4

      Cover image: Downhole Logging, Aleksei Zakirov | Dreamstime.com

      Cover design by Kris Hackerott

      Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

      Printed in the USA

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      Preface

      Formation testing, unlike conventional logging methods focused on resistivity, acoustic, nuclear or magnetic resonance approaches, provides direct results as opposed to indirect inferred properties. In sampling, actual in-situ fluids are collected for surface evaluation. And in pressure transient analysis, properties that pertain to production economics like mobility, compressibility, anisotropy and pore pressure are obtained directly from the underlying Darcy flow equations. By and large, the conventional subject matter deals with single, dual and multiprobe tools where pad nozzles are displaced axially relative to each other and along the same azimuth. This being so, idealized spherical “source” or “sink” methods are used in formulating forward and inverse problems.

      Even so, few models have proven useful. An early steady model for spherical flow no longer applies to the lower mobility formations encountered in practice. Later transient models contain complicated Bessel functions and integrals whose effective use in the field is questionable. And then, a rapid, early-time prediction method for “effective permeability” and pore pressure, addressing the low mobility and “not so low” flowline volume limit – while significant in the 1990s and, in fact, invented by the last author, does not address all-important supercharging effects uncovered in recent field-based publications.

Fortunately, progress in source methods has been made, but at such an unusual pace that any presentations at industry meetings would have been rapidly dated. In support of our work, John Wiley & Sons has published our research in three volumes during 2014 – 2019, introducing the latest ideas and techniques to the industry, complete with derivations, equations and software. The present work, our latest formation testing addition to Wiley-Scrivener’s Petroleum Engineering Handbook Series, serves several purposes. While “handbooks” normally refer to summaries of decades-old technologies, this edition is timely because numerous new advances have been made in related and interdependent areas. These include pressure transient analysis, forward and inverse modeling, supercharge, mudcake growth and fluid invasion formulations, and contamination and cleaning multiphase methods – and all during the past two decades by the present authors. While China Oilfield Services Limited (COSL) does manufacture its own conventional single and dual probe tools, it is the availability of our complete suite of software models that allows its tools to be used in many more innovative ways.

      For example, methods are available to predict permeability and pore pressure rapidly from early time data in low mobility formations with strong flowline volume. But what if significant supercharging exists? Most inverse methods require constant flow rate drawdowns. What if this is not possible? And unacceptably, few authors have ever rigorously studied mudcake growth and fluid invasion, which produce the thick cakes responsible for stuck formation testers – the same phenomena associated with supercharge. Nor do they address the thin cakes that wreak havoc on nozzle pad sealing – leakages that would doom any formation testing job. Numerous related questions are treated in this comprehensive volume. And so this handbook, which addresses all of these problems from source model perspectives, provides unified discussions in forward and inverse formation testing analysis, supercharge in pressure evolution and permeability prediction, plus related topics in fluid invasion, mudcake growth and displacement front prediction. It is our hope that this work stimulates continuing research and enhances the innovative use of conventional tools in the field.

      During