Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Evaluation and Control. Группа авторов

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       Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data has been applied for.

      978‐1‐119‐79152‐2 (Volume 2, cloth)

      978‐1‐119‐43802‐1 (4‐volume Set, cloth)

      Cover Image: Factory © Rashad Ashur / Shutterstock, Factory © Arcady / Shutterstock, Rod of Asclepius © Christos Georghiou / Shutterstock, Laboratory glass © Kristyna Henkeova / Shutterstock

      Cover Design: Wiley

Contributors

      Thomas W. Armstrong, Ph.D., CIH, FAIHA, TWA8HR Occupational Hygiene Consulting, LLC, Branchburg, NJ, USA

      Earl W. Arp Jr., Ph.D., CIH, Clemson University, Columbia, SC, USA

      William A. Burgess, CIH, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

      D. Jeff Burton, PE, CIH (VS), RMCOEH, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

      Sandra S. Cole, Ph.D., Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

      Craig E. Colton, CIH, CCR Consulting, LLC, Stillwater, MN, USA

      Krister Forsberg, I.H., Lidingö, Sweden

      Silvia Fustinoni, Ph.D., Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy; Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy

      Robert L. Harris, Ph.D., CIH, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

      Nancy B. Hopf, Ph.D., Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), School of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

      John Howard, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, USA

      Dave Huizen, Ph.D., CIH, Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA

      Kirsten Koehler, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Environmental Health and Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA

      James D. McGlothlin, Ph.D., MPH, CPE, FAIHA, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

      Deborah I. Nelson, Ph.D., CIH, FAIHA, Boulder, CO, USA

      Mark Nicas, Ph.D., MPH, CIH, FAIHA, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

      Steven Smith, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, USA

      Robert D. Soule, CIH, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA

      Lori A. Todd, Ph.D., Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

      Elaine West, MS, CIH, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, ES&H Directorate, Livermore, CA, USA

      Fan Xu, Ph.D., CIH, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

      David M. Zalk, Ph.D., CIH, FAIHA, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, ES&H Directorate, Livermore, CA, USA

      Misti L. Zamora, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Environmental Health and Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA

      James P. Zeigler, Ph.D., LLC, Mechanicsville, VA, USA

      Christopher Zuidema, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA

PREFACE

      Industrial hygiene is an applied science and a profession. Like other applied sciences such as medicine and engineering, it is founded on basic sciences such as biology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics. In a sense it is a hybrid profession because within its ranks are members of other professions – chemists, engineers, biologists, physicists, physicians, nurses, and lawyers. In their professional practice all are dedicated in one way or another to the purposes of industrial hygiene: the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of work‐related health hazards. The contributors to these volumes come from these professions.

      Although the term “industrial hygiene” used to describe our profession is probably of twentieth century origin, we must go further back in history for the origin of its words. The word “industry,” which has a dictionary meaning, “systematic labor for some useful purpose or the creation of something of value,” has its English origin in the fifteenth century. For “hygiene,” we must look even earlier. Hygieia, a daughter of Asclepius who is god of medicine in Greek mythology, was responsible for the preservation of health and prevention of disease. Thus, Hygieia, when she was dealing with people who were engaged in systematic labor for some useful purpose, was practicing our profession, industrial hygiene.

      Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology was originated by Frank A. Patty with publication of the first single volume in 1948. In 1958, an updated and expanded second edition was published with his guidance. A second volume, Toxicology, was published in 1963. Frank Patty was a pioneer in industrial hygiene; he was a teacher, practitioner, and manager. In 1946, he served as the eighth president of the American Industrial Hygiene Association. To cap his professional career, he served as director of the Division of Industrial Hygiene for the General Motors Corporation.

      At the request of Frank Patty, George and Florence Clayton took over editorship of the ever‐expanding Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology series for the Third Edition of Volume I, General Principles, published in 1978, and Volume II, Toxicology, published in 1981–1982. The First Edition of Volume III, Theory and Rationale of Industrial Hygiene Practice, edited by Lewis and Lester Cralley, was published in 1979, with its second edition published in 1984. The ten‐book, Fourth Edition of Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, edited by George and Florence Clayton, was published in 1991–1994, and the Third Edition of Volume III, Theory and Rationale of Industrial Hygiene Practice, edited by Robert Harris, Lewis Cralley, and Lester Cralley, was published in 1994. With the agreement and support of George and Florence Clayton, and Lewis and Lester Cralley, Robert Harris edited the fifth edition of Patty's Industrial Hygiene. Vernon Rose and I edited the sixth edition of Patty's Industrial Hygiene with the permission of Robert Harris.

      It is now my privilege and honor to follow them and Frank A. Patty as the editor of the seventh edition of the Industrial Hygiene volumes of Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Each of the four volumes and the chapters in the seventh edition are a “stand alone.” Volume 1 covers Chemical Hazard Recognition, Volume 2 addresses Evaluation and Control of Chemical Hazards, Volume 3 considers aspects of Physical and Biological Agents, and Volume 4 considers Management and Specialty Areas of Practice. In addition, Volume 4 contains a complete index covering all four volumes.

Industrial hygiene has been dealt with very broadly in the past editions of Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Chapters have been offered on sampling and analysis, exposure measurement and interpretation, absorption and elimination of toxic materials, instrument calibration, industrial noise, ionizing and nonionizing