Applied Soil Chemistry. Группа авторов

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Название Applied Soil Chemistry
Автор произведения Группа авторов
Жанр Химия
Серия
Издательство Химия
Год выпуска 0
isbn 9781119711506



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parts per million (ppm) = 1%

      CO2 = carbon dioxide

      NPP = net primary production

      Today, more than ever, the impact of the advancements in a wide range of technologies and artificial intelligence are influencing progresses and development of human life across the world. In this regard, we can point out ultrasonic application [1], carbon dioxide issue [2], medical research [3–8], and new chemical methods [9] are all advancing rapidly with their impacts being felt more widely. “Sequestration” of combines both the capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) and its long-term isolation from the atmosphere and ocean, storing it safely and securely for thousands of years.

      On a global scale, soils store about 1,500 Pg (petagrams, equivalent to 1,500 gigatonnes) of organic carbon to a depth of one meter, increasing to 2,400 Pg to a depth of 2 m [11]. This means that carbon residing in upper soil layers amounts to more than the combined quantity of carbon in land-surface vegetation and the atmosphere. A little less than 50% of soils globally have been or are in use for agriculture, both cropland and grazing land. The soils involved in cropland activity have almost all been disturbed by some form of tillage. Organic matter within soils can vary between about 1% and 10%.

      Subsequently, that carbonic acid reacts with basic cations leading to the creation of secondary carbonates in the short-term, on the scale of years, forming mineralization in near-surface rocks, leading to sustained processes that persists over geological timescales. The creation of secondary carbonates comes mainly from sub-surface weathering and diagenesis reactions with silicate minerals containing calcium and magnesium. Such reactions generate free positively charged ions (cations). Many of these free cations go on to combine with CO2 to form carbonate minerals, particularly calcite and dolomite [12]. However, these pervasive carbonate forming diagenetic processes tend to progress too slowly in their natural cycles to be practically exploited for carbon sequestration purposes. Nevertheless, they do involve substantial quantities of CO2, particularly in alkaline and saline soils present in dry and semi-dry zones [13]. Consequently, the inorganic sub-surface carbon cycle cannot be considered as significant or viable for rapid carbon sequestration in the soils typically found in the soils of wet and temperate zones.

       1.1.1 Soil Decomposition Processes

      Initially, dead plant material located above the ground are, for the most part, decomposed above ground on the soil surface. The soil organisms, weather, and industrial-scale anthropogenic mechanical process such as ploughing, play the substantial role in initiating above-ground and near-surface soil decomposition. In some specific cases, for instance, peat formed in bogs and swamps, the dead plant substances stay at the surface of the soil without time to progress through the complete decomposition process. Instead, it becomes rapidly inhumed by other dead plant substances being added from above, isolating it from abundant oxygen supplies.

      A consequence, at completion of the soil decomposition processes, is that carbon is ultimately conveyed from the decaying matter into fungi and soil bacteria. This material is known as microbial biomass. Microbes generate and use this biomass to provide their energy requirements and to create new microbial biomass for growth. That carbon used for energy is converted to CO2 and contribute to soil respiration. However, that portion of the carbon transformed into new microbial biomass, ultimately, is itself consumed or decays upon the demise of the micro-organism and contributes to the ongoing cycle of decomposition. Each successive step in the soil decomposition process involves the consumption of dead biomass by soil organisms, mainly fungi and soil bacteria. Thus, specific carbon molecules pass through many cycles of decay and ultimately end up, over time, either re-emitted to the atmosphere (soil respiration) or fixed by carbon mineralization in the subsurface. On a global scale, the amount of carbon mineralized by soil decomposition is approximately equal to the carbon arriving the soil less the amount re-emitted by soil respiration. Soil respiration returns about 60 Pg a−1 (petagram per year; equivalent